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A new Creagrutus (Teleostei: Characiformes) from Colombia and its phylogenetic position within the genus
Mauricio Rafael Torres Meija
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Abstract
A new species of Creagrutus from the Río Fonce, Río Magdalena basin, Colombia, is described. This species is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of morphometric, meristic and morphological features. The phylogenetic position of the new species and various aspects of its ecology and behavior are discussed.
Es descrita una nueva especie de Creagrutus del Río Fonce, cuenca del Río Magdalena, Colombia. Ésta especie se distingue de sus congéneres por su combinación de características morfométricas, merísticas y morfológicas. Se discute la posición filogenética de la nueva especie y varios aspectos de su ecología y comportamiento.
Creagrutus Günther (1864) has currently 66 recognized species, which are distributed through much of South America and Panamá. The members of the genus are most abundant and diverse in swift currents and piedmont rivers. Harold and Vari (1994) and Vari and Harold (2001), respectively revised the Trans- and Cis-Andean species of Creagrutus. The intrageneric diversity continues to rise as a consequence of continuing collecting efforts in many poorly explored regions of South America (i.e. Vari and Lima, 2003; Ribeiro et al., 2004). An additional example is the species we described in this project, which was captured in a low order river within the Río Magdalena basin.
The diagnosis was divided in two sections. The first section diagnosed the new species form its Trans-Andean congeners using morphometric, meristic and coloration characters. The second diagnosed the new species from all species of Creagrutus using characters observed in bones, cartilage, morphometric measurements and coloration in alcohol.
The strict consensus of 1645 equally parsimonious optimal trees of 148 steps, produced a tree of 266 steps (CI= 21, RI=25) (figure 3). Creagrutus n. sp. shared the synapomorphies for Creagrutus proposed by previous authors. (i.e. figures 4A). Creagrutus n. sp. formed part of the politomy named "Remaining species". The results did not demonstrate a closer relationship between Creagrutus n. sp. and its Río Magdalena congeners or any other Trans-Andean species of the genus. Figure 4 shows some synapomorphies and characteristics of the new species.
References Cracraft, J. 1983. Current Ornithology, 1:159-187. Goloboff, P. A. 1999. Nona, version 2.0. Program and documentation. Tucumán, Argentina: Fundación e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Harold, A. S. and R. P. Vari. 1994. Smith. Contrib. Zool. 551:1--31 p. Nixon K. C. 1999. WinClada ver. 0.9.9. Published by the author, Ithaca, NY, USA. Nixon, K. C. and Q. D. Wheeler. 1990. Cladistics 6:211--223. Ribeiro, A. C., R. C. Benine, and C. A. Figuereido. 2004. J. Fish Biol. 64:597--611 Taylor, W.R. and G. V. Van Dyke. 1985. Cybium 9:107--119. Vari, R.P. and A. S. Harold. 2001. Smith. Cont. Zool. 613:1--239. Vari, R. P. and F. C. T. Lima. 2003. Copeia 2003: 583--587. Want to ask a question? Visit the Message Board Virtual
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Morphometric
and meristic measurements were taken following Harold and Vari (1994)
and Vari and Harold (2001) (figures 1A,B). Vertebral accounts were taken
from radiographs (figure 1C). Some specimens were dissected to observe
myological and osteological characters, with the latter examined in
specimens cleared and double-stained for bone and cartilage using a
modification of the method of Taylor and Van Dyke (1985) (figure 1D).
The data for the phylogenetic analysis was based on the matrix in Vari
and Harold (2001) and also included information on the subsequently
described C. tuyuka (Vari & Lima, 2003) and C. varii
(Ribeiro et al., 2004). A phylogenetic analysis was carried out using
Nona (Goloboff, 1999) with the RAS-TBR heuristic method (h/1, h 10000,
500 iterations, 100 replicates); the resulting trees were observed with
WinClada (Nixon, 2002) to select one tree by strict consensus. All characters
were treated as unordered and equally weighted.
