Research Training Program



RTP


Research Training Program

Summer Session

29 May 2004 - 7 August 2004

2004
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Summer Session Index - 2004


HIGHLIGHTS


Research Training Program

Information about the Research Training Program:

Application Procedures :
go directly to the current RTP on-line application forms

Advisor List



ACADEMIC SERVICES


CONTACT US

Mary Sangrey
NHB MRC 166, Room 59A
PO Box 37012
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D.C. 20013-7012
U.S.A

- OR -

Mary Sangrey
National Museum of Natural History
10th Street & Constitution Avenue, NW
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC 20560-0166
U.S.A

Research & Collections

NMNH

Smithsonian

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For general
Smithsonian Information
phone:

202-357-2700

REU Students at
Academy of Natural Sciences
and
American Museum of Natural History

You're invited to a special behind-the- scenes Open House at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History.

Friday
9 July 2004
8:15 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

Following is the schedule of events for the day, but before you come you might want to know a little more about us:

We have an active Photo Gallery on the web and have been posting images throughout our summer. For a peek, visit: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/rtp/students/2004/gallery04.html

Our web site also includes a page of information about our program plus Personal Summaries about us and the research we're conducting. Visit: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/rtp/students/2004/accept04.html

We also have an on-line Schedule of Events if you'd like to see what we've been up to other than our research projects. Visit: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/rtp/students/2004/schedule04.html

Join us on-line in August for our Virtual Poster session and post a message or comment using the message board. Visit: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/rtp/students/2004/virtualposters.html

Many images from the Open House are posted here but to see more visit the Photo Gallery.

Behind-the-Scenes
at the National Museum of Natural History

Welcome to Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), the most visited natural history museum in the world. We inspire curiosity, discovery, excitement and learning about the natural world through world-class research, collections, exhibitions and education. Opened in 1910, the green-domed museum on the National Mall was the first Smithsonian building constructed exclusively to house the national collections and research facilities. Today it supports a workforce of over 1000 and is the largest Smithsonian museum and research unit, as well as the most visited natural history museum in the world.

Each year NMNH scientists disseminate their new knowledge through hundreds of original research publications, as well as through exhibitions, education and training programs, websites, and public lectures. Our areas of study, most often collection based, include various branches of biology, such as entomology (insects), botany (plants), and zoology (animals); anthropology (human studies); mineral sciences (minerals, gems, and rocks); and paleobiology (fossils, including dinosaurs). The rich research tradition of NMNH includes a community of critically important government-agency scientists who work with the museum’s collections side by side with NMNH-funded scientists

The NMNH research collections total over 125 million specimens and artifacts and are by far the largest in the world. These collections serve as a rich resource for collection-based research worldwide: some 3.5 million specimens go out on loan during a year; over 15,000 visitor days are spent in the collections; and almost 600,000 additional visits are made to collection data bases available on the Web.

The Museum includes a state-of-the-art collections storage facility in Suitland, Maryland (Museum Support Center), a research facility in Ft. Pierce, Florida, and far-flung field stations as far away as Belize, Alaska and Kenya. The main building contains 1.5 million square feet of space overall, and 325,000 square feet of exhibition and public space.

The museum welcomes over 6 million visitors a year, and an additional 6 million visitors used our web services in 2003. The Museum’s exhibition and education programs, increasingly tied to the museum’s research on current, topical scientific issues, bring trustworthy, authoritative presentations to a broad public. Whether examining the history and cultures of Africa, describing our earliest mammalian ancestor or the development of Earth’s life forms including dinosaurs on Earth, charting the Vikings’ travels to the New World, or exploring the beauty of rare gemstones, the Museum’s temporary and permanent exhibitions serve to educate, enlighten, and entertain millions of visitors each year. With a growing network of interactive web sites, the Museum is transforming itself into a hub for a national and international learning network, readily accessible to all by way of the Internet.

Through its research, collections, education and exhibition programs, NMNH serves as one of the world’s great repositories of scientific and cultural heritage as well as a source of tremendous pride for all Americans.



Research Training Program
Open House
2004

Schedule of Events



* Friday, 9 July 2004 *

8:15 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. : NMNH OPEN HOUSE

RTP interns from Smithsonian's Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) site will host an open house for students participating in REU programs at The Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Join us for a behind-the-scenes view of NMNH research, the National Collections, and our research facilities.

We require advance notification of your visit. So we can plan accordingly, a complete name list of those attending is due Monday, 5 July 04. REU site hosts and coordinators at participating locations should e-mail the list to Mary Sangrey at sangrey.mary@nmnh.si.edu

We can accommodate no more than a total of 65 interns.


Welcome interns from
The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia!

BELL, Charles. (bell@acnatsci.org). Junior. Swarthmore College, Swarthmore PA. Mentors: Dr. Don Charles and Kathleen Sprouffske Project: Biodiversity Informatics: Development of the Algae Images Website.
HOEFLICH, Chris. (hoeflich@acnatsci.org). Junior. Canisius College, Buffalo NY. Mentors: Drs. Paul Morris, Mark Sabaj, and John Lundberg. Project: Biodiversity Informatics: Supporting Catfish Taxonomy with the ACSI (All Catfish Species Inventory) Image Database.
KRON, Lyndsy. (kron@acnatsci.org). Junior. Canisius College, Buffalo NY. Mentors: Drs. Dan Graf and Gary Rosenberg. Project: Biodiversity Informatics: Georeferencing the Malacology Specimen Database.
LOPEZ, John Daniel. (lopez@acnatsci.org) Junior. University of Texas Pan-American, Edinburg TX. Mentors: Drs. Mark Sabaj and John Lundberg and Mr. Kyle Luckenbill. Project: Planetary Biological Inventory of all Catfishes: Radiographic and Digital Imaging of Catfishes.
LUCAS, Miranda. (lucas@acnatsci.org). Senior. Albany State University, Albany GA. Mentor: Dr. Dominique Dagit. Project: Morphological Evolution of Holocephali.
MARRERO SOLIS, Solimar. (marrero@acnatsci.org). Sophomore. Universidad Metropolitana, Puerto Rico. Mentors: Drs. Danielle Kreeger and Heidi Hertler. Project: Rural Community Impacts on Subtropical Natural Resources.

8:15 a.m. : ARRIVAL

Interns and REU students will meet in the Constitution Avenue Lobby and be directed to the ARC. Greeters in lobby welcoming students and distributing behind-the-scene passes are Digna Ortiz and Miguel Pinto.


8:30 - 9:00 a.m. : MORNING SOCIAL - hosts: Andrew Gaudreau and Kate Musica

Location: Academic Resources Center
NHB, Main Building, Ground Floor, Room 60A

Topic: Science Across the Smithsonian, and the interns joining us this summer.

We will host a short social to get to know everyone and enjoy some light morning refreshments (donuts, bagels, fruit and juice). Coffee can be purchased across the hall in the staff cafeteria. We will be providing pizza for lunch. If you prefer something different, you may leave your lunch in our refrigerator and any bags you don't wish to carry with you can be also left in the ARC. During the social you will:

  • Meet the NMNH and RTP interns and learn a little about their summer research.
  • Select the tours you'd like to join. Interns will present a brief overview of the features included during their group tour. Guests will then select one group from the morning tour options to join and one group from the afternoon behind-the-scenes tour options of the NMNH collections to join. No more than 7 guests per tour group.

Following the social we will move to the Johnson IMAX theater for a special free showing of "Galapagos" in 3-D IMAX.


9:15 - 10:00 a.m. : FILM SCREENING - host: Mary Sangrey

Location: Johnson IMAX Theater
NHB, East Court

Topic: Galapagos, in 3D IMAX

One time deal! See the IMAX film, Galapagos, complements of Natural History. In this 3D film, watch the diverse tapestry of life unfold. Follow Carole Baldwin on her first expedition to to Ecuador's Galapagos Islands. Also included in the film is NMNH scientist, Dave Pawson.

On land, come face-to-face with giant tortoises, marine iguanas, and unusual birds that have evolved into splendid oddities of nature. Under water, meet new species of marine life and explore caverns buried beneath the sea.


10:00 - 10:45 a.m. : LECTURE - host: Neil Aschliman and Elisa Maldonado

Location: Anthropology Seminar Room
NHB, Main Building, Third Floor, Room #: 339

Speaker: Dr. Carole Baldwin Associate Curator. B.S. (1981) James Madison University, M.S. (1986) College of Charleston, Ph.D. (1992) College of William and Mary. (phone: 202- 633-9179 / E-mail: baldwin.carole@nmnh.si.edu).

Topic: Conversations with Scientists, including the making of an IMAX Film - Galapagos

Join us for a lecture by Dr. Carole Baldwin, ichthyologist, and star of the IMAX File "Galapagos."

Learning to effectively communicate research to general audiences is not just a researchers' tool - it's a necessity to survival in today's scientific community. Securing funding to pursue pure research topics is no longer "easy" and "free of obligation." Most often major funders for research, such as foundations and corporations, are not experienced scientists. Explaining why the research is important, understanding the broad scope of how the results could benefit other science disciplines and human resources, and utilizing different media to share scientific insights is not a goal of the future but today's reality.

Even the National Science Foundation - the major funding agency for curiosity-driven research in the science, mathematics, engineering and technology fields - requires each funded investigator to provide general audience summaries of the research supported and to elaborate on its connectivity to other applications. Scientists of today must be creative to succeed! To do so many scientists are turning the tables on the traditional methods of pursuing research endeavors. Instead of seeking funding solely for their scholarly research, they are working with exhibit designers and media producers on made-for-the public products such as exhibitions, films, and electronic web-based products. By doing so they often earn all-expense paid trips to research destinations and access to state-of-the-art equipment. The successful are sought after, as expert advisors, instead of experts desperately seeking funds.

The 3-D IMAX film GALAPAGOS about biodiversity of the Galapagos Islands stars Ichthyologist and NMNH researcher, Dr. Carole Baldwin. Although at times tedious, participating in the film project provided Carole "an all-expense paid collecting opportunity and the chance to make collections from a submersible." During the filming she discovered many new species of fish, especially deep-water fishes taken from the Johnson Sea Link submersible but what compromises did she have to accept? How did she get this opportunity?

Talk to Carole and learn her insights into conducting research as part of made-for-the-public initiatives.

Web Links

Following the lecture tour groups will depart to their separate locations.

11:00 a.m.- noon : MORNING TOUR OPTIONS

Location: Academic Resources Center
NHB, Main Building, Ground Floor, Room 60A

Topic: Morning Tours and Workshops

Students will select one of the morning tour options and one of the afternoon tour options. In the morning select either invertebrates, mammals, entomology, or mineral sciences.


Inverts & Squid

BLUE Group - INVERTEBRATES: hosted by intern Arden Ashley with special guides Dr. Clyde Roper and Cynthia Ahearn. Clyde RoperJoin Clyde on a guided tour of the cephalopod collection and venture out to the public exhibit to learn about Clyde's quest to discover the giant squid. They join Cyndi to see more inverts. Have you ever seen a worm with fangs? It is it your lifelong dream to be surrounded by a coral reef? Are you an avid shell collector? If so, then this is the tour for you!! The Smithsonian's Invertebrate Zoology collection is one of the largest in the world, consisting of over 34 million specimens, the Crustacean collection alone takes more than 6 miles of shelving! Attractions include deep-sea worms from the geothermal vents, giant arctic crabs, 'brain' corals ten times the size of any human brain, cannibalistic starfish, and a whole lot more!! To learn more visit: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/iz/


Mammals

RED Group - MAMMALS: hosted by interns Christian Pinto, James Morgan, Adrienne Sussman and Museum Specialist Jeremy Jacobs, you'll journey through the mammal collections. Here you will see the smallest mammal, specimens of primates, squirrels, bats, and other assorted goodies. . The National Museum of Natural History houses one of the most important collections of mammals in the world. The collection is referenced in the scientific literature by the acronym USNM, derived from the former name United States National Museum. With roughly 580,000 voucher specimens, it is by far the world's largest, nearly twice the size of the next largest mammal collections. The taxonomic and geographic scope of the USNM mammal collection spans the globe with especially strong representation from North America, Central America, northern South America, Africa, and southeast Asia. To learn more visit: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/vert/mammals/mammals.html

 


Minerals & Meteorites

PURPLE Group - MINERAL SCIENCE: under the guidance ofinterns Amie Garcia, Megan Brown, and Lee Zelewicz join research scientists Mike Wise and Tim McCoy for a journey through some specialized geology - minerals and meteorites. Mineral Sciences are a part of our everyday life. Each rock and mineral has a story to tell. Rocks form the buildings that we live in and minerals are part of our everyday lives, from computers to our bathroom. Precious gems, valuable minerals, and fascinating rocks can all be seen in the Mineral Sciences Department. Research is conducted on rocks drilled from the deep ocean, rocks erupted out of volcanoes, minerals that form within the earth from magma or from metamorphic conditions, and rocks that fall to earth from outer space as meteorites. For the Mineral Sciences tour, 400,000 specimens in the gem and mineral collection, and 24,000 specimens of the meteorite collection will be shown for you to examine and learn what processes formed them. To learn more visit: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/minsci/.


Entomology

BLACK Group - ENTOMOLOGY: hosted by intern Jonathan Chen and entomologist, Dr. John Brown. Over 50% of all animal species are insects. The Smithsonian NMNH has one of the largest insect collections in the world. Research in the NMNH Department of Entomology is primarily collection based and systematic involving evolutionary and population biology, phylogeny, biogeography, bio-diversity, ecology, behavior, and molecular studies as well as basic taxonomy, comparative, morphology, and life history. The Department of Entomology is made up of many people including researchers from USDA, the Smithsonian, and other agencies. To learn more visit: http://entomology.si.edu/


noon - 1:15 p.m. : LUNCH DISCUSSION and GROUP PHOTO
Special discussion just for REU students. Pizza for lunch is being provided for those attending!

Location: Academic Resources Center
NHB, Main Building, Ground Floor, Room 60A

Speakers:

  • Mark Farmer (mfarmer@nsf.gov). Mark is a rotating program officer in the Division of Biological Infrastructure responsible for three programs, Major Research Instrumentation, Biological Research Collections, and Field Stations and Marine Labs. His regular job is as a professor of Cell Biology and Microscopy Center Director at the University of Georgia (http://www.uga.edu/caur/) and his research is on the systematics of protists, specifically Euglenids
    (http://www.plantbiology.msu.edu/triemer/Euglena/Index.htm)
  • Dr. Hans-Dieter Sues. NMNH Associate Director for Research and Collections.

Topic: Science Directions at Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History - a strategic plan

The National Museum of Natural History is entering a new phase of its history, after several years of change and uncertainty. The Smithsonian Science Commission’s 2003 Report recognized the strategic importance of the Natural History Museum for the Smithsonian and society at large, recommended that the existing scientific disciplines be maintained, and advocated the strengthening of links between research, collections, and public programs. The Report’s recommendations have been, for the most part, implemented, including the development of this strategic plan.

The Museum has enormous strengths, including a long tradition of excellence, dedicated staff, outstanding collections, exciting research programs, publication productivity, millions of visitors, and exciting plans for exhibitions and public programming. At the same time, the museum has seen steady erosion of its base funding and staffing, infrastructure problems because of its aging facilities, and a skewed demographic distribution within its scientific staff.

In short, the Museum has many opportunities to capitalize on, as well as challenges to meet:

Opportunities

  • Smithsonian Institution: the world’s foremost research/museum complex
  • Positioning NMNH in a true leadership role as the US National Museum
  • Links and relevance to societal needs
  • Partnerships with museums, federal agencies, universities, international entities
  • Technology: equipment and methodologies
  • Science Commission/National Academy of Science Reports
  • Potential for raising funds: special events; business ventures; individual giving

Challenges

  • Shifting internal (SI) and external (U.S. Government) policy priorities
  • Budget cuts and base erosion
  • New legal barriers to research (permits, export/import of specimens)
  • Security and war on terrorism
  • National and global economic uncertainties making fundraising difficult
  • Staffing limitations and demographics
  • Aging physical infrastructure

Interns will discuss with Hans the Museums strategic plan, the opportunities identified as well as challenges, and consider NMNH future science directions.


1:30 - 2:30 p.m. : AFTERNOON TOUR OPTIONS

Location: Academic Resources Center
NHB, Main Building, Ground Floor, Room 60A

Topic: Afternoon Tours and Workshops

In the afternoon students will select one of the afternoon tour options: fishes, paleobiology, botany, or birds.


Fishes

GREEN Group - FISHES: hosted by interns Mauricio Torres. and Neil Aschliman. This tour begins with a preview of some extraordinary fishes from the "OH-MY" collection, hosted by Jeff Williams. Next, the group will move into the collection area, that mainly includes liquid preserved specimens of fishes, including a Coelacanth (that you'll get to see!). After the Coelacanth, the group will view counter stained specimens, including some larval fishes and their adult counterparts. Research in the Division of Fishes is directed primarily toward systematic revisions of species, genera, and families, and the interpretation of higher classification and biogeography. The Division covers a broad spectrum of the great diversity of fishes, generally relying on the vast resources of the national fish collection. The fish collection, at the National Museum of Natural History, is the largest in the world, with approximately 540,000 lots (a lot consists of all specimens of a species from the same time and place) and about 3.5 million specimens. To learn more visit: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/vert/fish.html


Paleobiology

ORANGE Group - PALEOBIOLOGY: guided by intern Jorge Velez and Museum Specialist Dave Bohaska, explore Earth's history as preserved in the fossil record. Research in the NMNH Department of Paleobiology focuses on interdisciplinary studies of the history of the earth and its biota, and their interactions through time, including the systematics of
specific animal and plant groups, the evolutionary processes underlying phylogenetic patterns, paleoecology, the responses of ecosystems to abiotic and biotic change, the relationships of ecological patterns to evolving lineages, responses of shallow-water depositional systems to changing climates and rates of subsidence, reef dynamics, and the history of ocean basins. Join us for a tour of the Paleobiology collections where you can see the world's largest collection of foraminifera, the Cambrian explosion exceptionally preserved in specimens from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, and of course, DINOSAURS, DINOSAURS, DINOSAURS!!! Step right up and join us for an hour of exploration and evolution (we're talking figuratively and literally here folks!). To learn more visit: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/paleo/


Birds

YELLOW Group - - BIRDS: by intern Joaquin Aldabe and Dr. Carla Dove. In the Division of Birds research is oriented toward the evolution, systematics, biogeography, and ecology of birds. These include functional anatomy, structural adaptation, phylogeny, distribution and ecology of neotropical birds, as well as conservation biology of North American migrants, paleontology, and island avifaunas. This division also has a feather identification lab which specializes in identifying bird species using only feather evidence. The aim of these identifications is to know the species involved in birdstrikes (bird-aircraft collisions). The Division of Birds houses and maintains the third largest bird collection in the world with over 600,000 specimens, 53 thousand of them are skeleton specimens and represent the largest collection of such preparation type specimen. This division is actively incorporating new specimens through collecting trips to other countries like Uruguay and Guyana as well as collecting in the United States. In this tour we will see the great shape, color and size diversity that characterizes this fascinating vertebrate group. To learn more visit: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/vert/birds/birds.html


Botany

PINK Group - BOTANY: hosted by interns Emily Moran and Xavier Haro. The Botany tour begins on the 4th floor, where Greg Mckee will give us a brief introduction to the herbarium and display some of the most interesting specimens. At 2:00 p.m., the tour continues in the Plant Anatomy Laboratory where Stan Yankowski will demonstrate different techniques used to prepare histology slides. Visitors joining this tour will have the opportunity to look at a range of specimens under the scopes. Including 4.6 million collections, the U.S. National Herbarium was founded in 1848 with the first collections accessioned from the US Exploring Expedition. Research in the NMNH Department of Botany focuses on plant systematics in the broadest sense: taxonomy, nomenclature, comparative anatomy and morphology, palynology, phylogeny, phytogeography, ecology, evolutionary theory, and conservation biology. Numerous floristic studies are under way, while others are aimed at elucidating evolutionary development, phylogeny, and the broad questions of classification. Both modern and fossil species of many plant groups, including the algae, mosses, lichens, ferns, and flowering plants, are currently being studied. To learn more visit: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/departments/botany.html


2:30 - 3:30 p.m. : DEMONSTRATION

Meeting Location: Academic Resources Center
NHB, Main Building, Ground Floor, Room 60A

Hosted by interns Digna Ortiz, Katherine Musica, and Andrew Gaudreau.

Speaker: Dave Hunt, Museum Specialist/Physical Anthropology Collections Management. B.A. (1980) University of Illinois; M.A. (1983), Ph.D. (1989) University of Tennessee. Research specialties: human variation, skeletal biology, forensic anthropology, human mummies of the world, dermatoglyphics. Science Unit: Department of Anthropology. (Phone: 202-786-2501)

Topic: What the Bones Tell

Collection Profile
Anthropology

Archives Division:

  • National Anthropological Archives (400,000 photographs, 20,000 works of art, and 1,200 sound recordings)
  • Human Studies Film Archives: 8 million feet of original film and video materials.

Collections Division:

  • Ethnology: 250,000 objects)
  • Archaeology: 2 million objects
  • Physical Anthropology: 33,000 specimens

The demonstration begins with an interactive workshop illustrating human skeletal features. We will then venture into the physical anthropology collections to see some of the highlights.

The Department of Anthropology's collection consists of over 2.5 million specimens from all over the world. The physical anthropology collection maintains a diverse series of human anatomical specimens, primarily osteological, that are used for studies in biological anthropology. Nearly 33,000 specimens represent populations throughout the world. The majority of the material was recovered during archaeological investigations and represents over a millennium of human experience. In addition, the division houses one of the premier anatomical research collections, consisting of 1,728 complete human skeletons from known individuals assembled by Robert J. Terry between 1921 and 1946. Because of the completeness of the information and excellent preservation, it continues to be a fundamental resource for research on bone pathology, skeletal biology, and forensic anthropology.


3:30 - 4:30 p.m. : COLLECTION TOUR FEATURE

Meeting Location: Academic Resources Center
NHB, Main Building, Ground Floor, Room 60A

Hosted by interns Digna Ortiz, Katherine Musica, and Andrew Gaudreau.

Option Topics: The Physical Anthropology Collections, Stone tools and CT Scanner

Option I: See "The Terry Collection," "Mummy Storage," and "The Conservation Lab." Meet "Soap Man" and the shrunken heads.


Option II Take a look at the CT scanner.

Location: CAT Scan Lab
NHB, Main Building, Third Floor, Rm 344

Guide: Bruno Frohlich (phone: 202-786-2698)

Through the generosity of Siemens Medical Systems Inc., medical technology has revolutionized how the Museum conducts research on its collections. The Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) scanner allows researchers to perform a "visual surgery" to determine the internal structure of precious museum objects without physically disturbing them. The CAT scanner produces non-invasive X-ray images of the inner structure of artifacts in hundreds of thin slices. Computers then allow scientists to twist and turn the images to study them from any angle. Because the data are computerized, natural history scientists from around the world can access the scan data. The Museum's CAT scanner has been used to study a wide range of objects, including Egyptian and Jordanian tomb artifacts; Bronze Age pottery, stone and wood tools; dinosaur fossils, human remains; fossilized plants and insects; and even rare book bindings.


Option III Join Dennis Stanford in his lab to learn about the first Americans and see stone tools.

Speaker: Dennis J. Stanford Curator, Paleo-Indian Archaeology. BA (1965) University of Wyoming; Ph.D. (1972) University of New Mexico. Paleo-Indian Program. Research specialties: archaeology of Paleo-Indians, especially in Western Sectioned States; Alaska paleontology. Science Unit: Department of Anthropology.

Topic: The First People in the Americas

Clovis are thought to be the first people into the New World, (North America) via Siberia. But when you look at the archeology of Siberia, which we have now had ample opportunity to do in the last few years, there really is not much in Siberia that is a direct Clovis predecessor. Consequently, Dr. Stanford's evidence points toward Clovis as a New World invention and developed from a population of people that were already in North America. But if Clovis develop in Southeast North America, who did Clovis develop from? When did that happen? And where did those people come from? Was it Siberia or was it someplace else?

From looking at the artifactual evidence we now have from North America and from Northeast Asia as well as the physical remains, it's very clear that we are looking at multiple migrations through a very long time period - of many different peoples of many different ethnic origins that came in at different times. Some of these people probably survived, some of them may have gone back home and some of them probably did not survive. By studying recently discovered skeletal remains particularly the DNA and the morphological differences and similarities, we'll be able to figure out how many groups there were and from where they came.


5:30 - 10:00 p.m. OPTIONAL EVENING SOCIAL

Natural History's Jazz Cafe.



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