| SMITH, BRUCE DAVID,
Papers Bruce D. Smith attended the University of Michigan (Ph.D., 1973) and has
been on the staffs of the University of Michigan University Museum of Anthropology, the
University of Georgia Department of Anthropology, and the Smithsonian Department of
Anthropology, where is a curator for North American archeology. He is a specialist in
southeastern archeology and has focused mainly on Mississippian (Temple Mound) culture,
especially its ecology. He also has interests in ethnobotany, the history of archeology,
and archeological theory.
The collection includes material relating to publications, lectures, and meetings and
generally includes copies of writings, drafts, letters, programs, announcements, handouts,
and administrative records. There are also field materials relating to Smith's work at the
Gypsie Joint site in Ripley County, Missouri. Material concerning the Mound Division
Conference of the Lower Mississippi Survey concerns a meeting Smith arranged at the
Smithsonian.
DATES: Mostly 1970s-1980s
QUANTITY: ca. 1.2 linear meters (ca. 4 linear feet)
ARRANGEMENT: (1) Subject file; (2) material concerning the Gypsie Joint site; (3)
teaching materials; (4) material concerning the conference on the [Bureau of American
Ethnology] Mound Division, 1980
FINDING AID: Annotated folder list
HALE G. SMITH PHOTOGRAPHS
Included are prints made in Panama (including Madden Lake, El Valle Petroglyphs, basket
making), Haiti, Cuba (including Finca dos Marķas), and, possibly, Venezuela and the Canal
Zone. Most show archeological work. There are also photographs of archeological crews made
at Angel Mound, Evansville, Indiana; Moccasin Bluff, Buchanan, Michigan; and Starved Rock,
Illinois that show Hale, Glenn A. Black, Douglas S. Byers, Joseph R. Caldwell, Robert
Gray, James B. Griffin, Madeline D. Kneberg, Kenneth Orr, and Albert C. Spaulding.
DATES: ca. 1937-1952
QUANTITY: 102 photographic prints and 125 photographic negatives
ARRANGEMENT: Unarranged
FINDING AID: None
CALL NUMBER: Photo Lot 87-30
PORTRAITS OF SMITHSONIAN ANTHROPOLOGISTS
The prints are a miscellany that includes portraits of William Henry Holmes, William
Duncan Strong, Robert L. Stephenson, Marshall T. Newman, Neil M. Judd, Walter Hough, and
Lucile E. St. Hoyme. There is also a 1952 group portrait of the Department of
Anthropology. Some photographs include Smithsonian Secretary Alexander Wetmore.
DATE: Undated
QUANTITY: 7 prints
CALL NUMBER: Photo Lot 77-80
PORTRAITS OF SMITHSONIAN ANTHROPOLOGISTS
The prints apparently formed a display. They show group portraits made in 1904, 1931,
1952, 1959, and 1962. There are also individual portraits of John Wesley Powell, Otis T.
Mason, William Henry Holmes, and Walter Hough.
DATES: 1898-1962
QUANTITY: 9 prints
CALL NUMBER: Photo Lot 39
VIEWS OF SMITHSONIAN ANTHROPOLOGY EXHIBITS AT THE
LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION
The anthropological exhibits at the St. Louis World's Fair were designed by William
Henry Holmes for the United States National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology.
Included were illustrations of "the higher culture of the native American peoples as
shown in their arts and industries." Featured were examples of architecture,
sculpture, ceramics, metal work, water craft, musical instruments, pipes, and ceremonial
objects. The exhibit included models of Aztec ruins based on plans by De Lancey W. Gill.
The BAE's part in the exhibit featured symbolism in the decorative arts of the Zuni,
Northwest coast tribes, and Hopi. It also illustrated J. Walter Fewkes' investigations of
the pre-Columbian Carib and Arawak culture and James Mooney's study of paintings on Plains
Indian tipis and shields.
DATE: 1904
QUANTITY: 31 prints
ARRANGEMENT: Unarranged
FINDING AID: None
CALL NUMBER: Photo Lot 82-31
SMITHSONIAN AWARDS PRESENTATION TO ANTHROPOLOGY STAFF
The prints are from photographs made at award ceremonies for the Department of
Anthropology staff. Smithsonian Secretary Leonard Carmichael presented the awards.
DATES: 1955-1963
QUANTITY: 14 prints
CALL NUMBER: Photo Lot 77-52
VIEWS FROM A SMITHSONIAN EXPEDITION TO SOUTHERN UTAH
The prints were formerly in the possession of Wilfred Charles Twiss, a University of
Utah botanist. By report, they resulted from a Smithsonian archeological expedition to
southern Utah. No information has been found that connects the material with a specific
expedition.
The images include an expedition party, cliff dwellings, and a natural bridge.
DATES: ca. 1910-1920
QUANTITY: 5 prints
CALL NUMBER: Photo Lot 77-58
SCENES OF THE SMITHSONIAN FOLKLIFE FESTIVAL
The slides have no further identification.
DATE: 1973
QUANTITY: 17 slides
CALL NUMBER: Photo Lot 76-109
SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATES PROGRAM RESEARCH
EXPEDITIONS, Field Material
In 1988, anthropologist Charlene James-Duguid, program manager with the Smithsonian
Associates, organized the Smithsonian Research Expedition Program. The program offered
members the opportunity to work with professional scholars in a variety of disciplines. In
return, participants contributed financial support and labor.
One of the program's offerings was guided on-site anthropological field work. The
subjects and itineraries differed from year to year. They included loggers of Balinese
ceremonial dancers; merchants at the Brimfield, Massachusetts, Antique and Collectible
Flea Market; Cheyenne, Wyoming, Frontier Days celebration; Crow Indians at the Crow Fair
and Family Reunion; Crow Indian Agency legal system; Orofino, Clearwater County, Idaho,
lumberjacks; and Willow Tree Health Club in southwestern Washington, D.C., and .
James-Duguid led each group.
In addition to the collection of data, the expeditions, in the words of James-Duguid,
aimed "to examine the ability of nonprofessionals with basic field training to
conduct anthropological investigations, the quantity and quality of data possible from
these teams, the potential of data collected by teams with varied professionals skills
outside anthropology for analysis by anthropologists." James-Duguid has used the
material for presentations and has produced two forthcoming books: Work as Art:
Logging as an Aesthetic Experience and Silent Power: Crow Women and the Word.
The program ended in 1994.
The collection includes material from the expeditions led by James-Duguid. Among them
are field notes, audio and video tapes, photographs and slides, and typescript
transcriptions.
DATE: 1988-1994
QUANTITY: ca. 3 linear meters (ca. 10 linear feet)
ARRANGEMENT: By research site
FINDING AID: Box list
GROUP PORTRAIT OF SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS
The item is a photograph mounted on a greeting card. It shows Lucile E. St. Hoyme,
Angela Margola, J. Lawrence Angel, and Donald J. Ortner.
DATE: No date
QUANTITY: 1 print
CALL NUMBER: Photo Lot 77-45
PORTRAITS MADE AT SMITHSONIAN SERVICE AWARDS PRESENTATION
The prints and negatives show Department of Anthropology members being presented awards
by National Museum of Natural History Director Porter Kier. The awards were made in the
Division of Physical Anthropology conference room.
DATE: 1970s
QUANTITY: 41 items
ARRANGEMENT: Unarranged
FINDING AID: None
CALL NUMBER: Photo Lot 79-51
SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY (est. 1935), Records
The forerunner of the Society for American Archaeology was the National Research
Council Committee on State Archeological Surveys. The committee, founded in 1921 to
promote archeology primarily in the Midwest, became in time "a clearing house and
advisory center for North American archeology." With such needs clearly established,
archeologists became concerned with launching an organization that would be permanent,
self-sufficient, and capable of reaching a greater number of archeologists than the
committee was designed to serve.
Discussions of a professional society took place at the 1933 meeting of the American
Anthropological Association and, during the following months, there were efforts to
contact prospective members and draft a constitution. After this, the Society for American
Archaeology was founded in Pittsburgh on December 28, 1934, following a dinner meeting of
Section H (Anthropology) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
As stated in its original constitution, the SAA's purposes were "to stimulate
scientific research in archeology of the New World by creating closer professional
relations among archaeologists and between them and others interested in American
archaeology; guiding on request the research work of amateurs; advocating the conservation
of archaeological data and furthering the control or elimination of commercialization of
archaeological objects; and promoting a more rational public appreciation of the aims and
limitations of archaeological research."
To accomplish its purposes, the SAA opened membership to all persons interested in the
archeology of the Americas. Members were divided into fellows--those who carried out
research and publication--and affiliates. A council was entrusted with SAA's business, and
an executive committee acted during its adjournment. Officers included a president, vice
president, secretary-treasurer, and editor. The secretary-treasurer was charged with the
clearing-house, advisory-center functions. Council members and officers were chosen from
among the fellows, but all members voted.
The SAA has undergone several organizational changes. In 1942, the status of fellows
and affiliates ended when both were combined into a class of active members. The offices
of secretary and treasurer were separated, the secretary taking the clearing-house,
advisory-center functions. In addition, a second vice president and an associate editor
were added to the roster of officers. In 1947, the council was eliminated, its functions
being transferred to the executive committee. The 1947 revision also placed the associate
and assistant editors under the editor. In 1959, a president-elect replaced the vice
presidents. In 1970, provisions were made for a secretary-elect, treasurer-elect, and
editor-elect. Other changes in the constitution have affected the make-up of the executive
committee, affiliation with other organizations, powers over assets, definition of duties,
terms of officers, methods of elections, and limitation of powers to conform with
government regulations concerning tax-exempt organizations.
Originally, the officers managed SAA's affairs, including routine business. In 1951,
however, The SAA began to use services of the executive secretary of the American
Anthropological Association. This dependence grew through the years and became
particularly great after the association appointed an executive director in 1968. The
director carried on such activities as billing, maintenance of membership records,
arrangement of annual meetings, and the management side of publications. Because of
government regulations concerning tax-exempt groups, the arrangement ended in 1983. The
SAA has lately come to depend on a management firm.
The SAA has carried on two major activities throughout its history. The first has been
meetings. The annual meeting required by the constitution has been a normal affair of
learned societies, with committee activities, elections, reports, and scientific papers.
During the first several years, meetings were normally held in the Midwest and often took
place in conjunction with meetings of the Central States Section of the American
Anthropological Association (later the Central States Anthropological Society). In
addition, the SAA authorized special meetings and conferences, including some joint
meetings with other organizations and regional meetings.
The second activity has involved publications. The major organ has been American
Antiquity, a periodical devoted to scientific articles and information of special
interest to archeologists. It has regularly included SAA's annual report. In 1939-1941, a
mimeographed Notebook was also issued and included publications aimed at
amateurs. In 1942, the SAA began a series of Memoirs (later Papers),
which has served as a vehicle for book-length writings. In addition, the SAA has published
on microform Archives of Archaeology, which appeared between 1959 and 1971 and
included scientific archeological reports. Also on microform was Abstracts of New
World Archaeology, which appeared in 1959 and 1960. Although proposals for a
newsletter came up frequently, it was not until 1977 that the SAA began to use the
American Anthropological Association's Anthropology Newsletter in a one-page
coverage of archeological news in each issue. In 1983, the SAA began its own Bulletin
of the Society for American Archaeology.
The SAA has also had certain special concerns. Maintenance of relationships with other
organizations--such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
International Congress of Americanists, National Research Council, and the International
Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences--has been one of these. The SAA has
promoted special recognition for archeologists through selecting recipients of the Viking
Fund Award in Archeology and awarding its own Fryxell Award and Distinguished Service
Award. In recent years, the SAA has compiled lists of field training available to
archeologists and become concerned about availability and priorities in radiocarbon
dating. It has also been concerned with the opportunities of minorities and women in
archeological work. The SAA has also come to monitor news media, advertising, and
entertainment and protest anything inconsistent with scientific purposes or that presented
an unfavorable picture of archeology. It has also become involved in relationships between
American Indians and archeologists, particularly over the disposition of skeletal remains.
With its emphasis on annual meetings and publications, the overwhelming concern of the
SAA down to the late 1960s and early 1970s was the dissemination of scientific
information. By 1974, however, so many SAA resources were used on public relations and
government policy that an official declared a revolution had taken place. The causes of
this are complex and are not entirely unlike changes that had taken place in other
organizations. They are not without precedence in the SAA; for, as early as 1944, its
Planning Committee became engaged in a review of archeology under New Deal agencies to
influence future efforts toward more scientific ends. Furthermore, during the 1960s,
several pieces of archeological legislation caused SAA increasingly to watch and influence
government policies.
The federal government's consideration and adoption of the Salvage Archeology
(Moss-Bennett) Act of 1974 made the change in the SAA evident. By this time, many
archeologists had come to depend on government funds, and others had become concerned
about the quality of with increased government influence on archeology. The Moss-Bennet
bill itself was initiated by archeologists as individuals; but, many supporters being SAA
members and officers, they used their affiliation to promote passage of the bill.
Furthermore, SAA's Committee on Public Understanding of Archaeology (in time, the
Committee on Public Archaeology) became increasingly involved in promoting the
Moss-Bennett Bill, establishing and using wide-spread connections to monitor government
activities, keeping archeologists informed of developments, and influencing government
policy.
In 1977, a National Archaeological Policy Information Committee was appointed; and, in
1980, the SAA appointed a Legislative Policy Coordinator. In 1983, it engaged a
professional lobbyist in Washington.
One byproduct of this activism was to bring to a boil an issue that had been simmering
for several years. This concerned a definition of the term "professional
archeologist" and clarification concerning archeological ethics. In 1955, the SAA had
circulated a statement on archeological standards. In 1960, a committee was appointed to
explore questions of professional standards and ethics. In the following year the
committee's report--a statement generally defining scientific archeology, methods, ethics,
and adequate training--was adopted and published in American Antiquity.
In 1974-1975, an SAA committee considered the idea of a register of professional
archeologists. This stirred up such a heated debate, however, that the committee
dissociated from the SAA and constituted itself as the Society of Professional
Archeologists to fulfill its own recommendations.
Yet another SAA stance reflected changes during the 1970s. The SAA became a vocal
watchdog of the growing trade in antiquities and an advocate of government action against
it. In 1971, the SAA threatened museums involved in the trade with action for
disacreditation before the American Association of Museums and during the 1970s considered
legal action against persons involved in the trade.
Accompanying these expanded interests has been the development and growth of other
archeological organizations, including the Society of Professional Archaeologists and the
Society for Conservation Archaeology. Generally, the SAA has cooperated with the new
organizations through the Coordinating Council of National Archeological Societies
organized in 1978.
SAA records include correspondence; memoranda; minutes; lists; reports of officers,
auditors, committees, and representatives to other organizations; programs; agenda;
printed and processed material; congressional bills; and miscellaneous materials. Much
material consists of records maintained by the SAA secretary, although materials of a few
other officers and committees are included.
List of SAA correspondents
DATES: 1930s-1980s
QUANTITY: ca. 20.5 linear meters (ca. 67 linear feet)
ARRANGEMENT: (Note: The material came into the archives in several accessions, and no
attempt has yet been made to interfile them.)(1) Records of the secretary-treasurer,
1935-1947; (2) treasurer's records, 1935-1950; (3) executive committee meetings minutes,
1961-1978; (4) records concerning annual meetings, 1935-1978; (5) records concerning
nominations and elections, 1971-1978; (6) secretary's general correspondence, 1968-1978;
(7) secretary's correspondence with SAA presidents, 1970-1978; (8) correspondence with
affiliated organizations, 1968-1976; (9) secretary's subject files, n.d.; (10) records
relating to committees, n.d.; (11) records relating to constitutional revision, n.d.; (12)
copies of legislation; (13) resolutions, n.d.; (14) antiquities actions, 1970-1976; (15)
financial statements and treasurer's correspondence with the secretary, 1968-1977; (16)
membership records, 1970-1977; (17) records concerning publications, 1970-1977; (18) field
school lists, 1968-1979; (19) indexes and other compilations regarding executive committee
and annual meeting actions; (20) executive committee meeting minutes, 1945-1978, 1980;
(21) material relating to executive committee and annual meetings, including some reports,
1978-1983; (22) secretary's subject file, ca. 1967-1983; (23) procedural materials; (24)
material relating to proposals from and contract with management firm, 1983; (25) printed
and processed material; (26) chairperson's records of the Committee on the Status of Women
in Archaeology; (27) Fred Wendorf's files, 1972-1981; (28) records of the Committee on
Public Archaeology, 1969-1981; (29) videocasettes and photographs, 1985; (30) editor's
files; (31) Don D. Fowler's files; and (32) additional unprocessed material
FINDING AID: Draft register for part; folder lists
RESTRICTIONS: Records less than ten years old are closed to researchers. Editorial
files have a fifty year restriction.
SOCIETY FOR APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY (est. 1941) Records
In October, 1941, the Society for Applied Anthropology (SfAA) was founded at Harvard
University and, later that year, it was incorporated under the laws of the state of
Massachusetts. SfAA's purpose has been "the promotion of scientific investigation of
the principles controlling the relations of human beings to one another and the
encouragement of their wide application."
The main SfAA organ has been the journal Applied Anthropology, which became Human
Organization in 1949. One issue of a newsletter, apparently part of a promotional
effort to increase membership, was issued in mimeograph in 1950. The Clearinghouse for
Research in Human Organization appeared in 1951, and the Bulletin, was
published between 1951 and 1957 to inform members of ongoing research and publications in
applied anthropology. Beginning in 1978, the SfAA published the periodical Practicing
Anthropology. Since 1956, it has also issued special publications, largely in a
series of monographs that began in 1959. In 1990, a SfAA Newsletter was started.
The SfAA has understood anthropology as broadly defined, and its membership has
included anthropologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, industrial managers
and engineers, and persons of allied vocations. Early in its history, the members were
divided into active and subscribing members. In 1962, active members became SfAA fellows,
a group of professionals who elected SfAA officers from their own ranks. In recent years,
the main distinction has been that nonfellows cannot vote on issues involving SfAA
composition, commitment, and purpose.
SfAA officers have been a president, vice president (in early days the SfAA also had
regional vice presidents; and, more recently, it has a president-elect instead of a vice
president), secretary, treasurer, editor of Human Organization, editor of Practicing
Anthropology, and elected councilors. These officers form an executive council that
has control of SfAA affairs. With the establishment of the class of fellows also came a
Council of Fellows that hears officers' reports and deals with matters the executive
council brings before it.
Early in its history, the SfAA established a central office in New York City. It was
moved to Ithaca, New York, in 1956 and to Lexington, Kentucky, in 1966. In 1970, the SfAA
turned certain routine business matters the executive director of the American
Anthropological Association. In 1983, this arrangement was ended, and the SfAA established
its own office in Washington D.C. and, later, Oklahoma City. Besides the main body, for a
time after 1952 there were local chapters in New York, Boston, Chicago, Washington, and
Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
For the field of anthropology, SfAA has been a pioneer in two developments. Its code of
ethics was first adopted in 1948 and revised in 1963 and 1974. The other development
involved work for applied anthropology for government and private organizations. An
example is the Indian Education, Personality, and Administration Projects (see entries 30,
49, and 79).
SfAA developments during the 1980s and early 1990s include improvement of cooperation
with other organizations, including affiliation of regional regional organizations, and
the establishment of a government affairs liaison. It also increased student involvement,
largely a committee on students and the establishment of the Peter New Award for students.
Other SfAA awards include the Malinowksi Award for senior social scientists "in
recognition of efforts to understand and service the needs of the world's peoples through
social science" and the Margaret Mead Award for the contributions of young scholars
in interpreting anthropological data for the public.
The records are relatively complete and continuous since the late 1960s. Before that
time, documentation is scant. Correspondents include John Adair, Clifford Barnett, Art
Gallagher, Nancie Gonzalez, Ward H. Goodenough, William K. Hubbell, William Henderson
Kelly, Margaret L. Lantis, Margaret Mead, Gunnar Myrdal, Conrad Reining, James M.
Silverberg, Omer C. Stewart, Morton I. Teicher, Murray Wax, Hazel Weidman, and many
others.
DATES: 1946-1991
QUANTITY: ca. 5.2 linear meters (ca. 17 linear feet)
ARRANGEMENT: (1) Correspondence of officers, 1946-1976; (2) executive committee and
secretarial files, 1968-1977; (3) membership lists, 1959-1976; (4) programs for annual
meetings, 1949-1976; (5) Human Organization, 1956-1972; (6) copies of
publications in monograph series, 1959-1972; (7) secretary's records, 1975-1978 (most
1976-1977); (8) treasurer's records (J.Thomas May), 1983; (9) memoranda of the membership
committee to the executive committee, 1979-1984; (10) records regarding the Malinowski
Award, 1976-1986; (11) records of officers (Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Art Gallagher, Thomas
Greaves, Gilbert Kushner, and Marion Pearsall), ca. 1953-1991
FINDING AID: Draft register |