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Register to the Papers
of By James R. Glenn Revised by National Anthropological
Archives November 2000
Bibliography of Works by Sister Inez Hilger Series Descriptions and Container Lists
Marie Inez Hilger was born to a family of German immigrants in Roscoe, Minnesota, on October 16, 1891. She joined the order of the Sisters of St. Benedict in 1914. Throughout her life, Sister Inez's primary institutional affiliation was the College of St. Benedict in St. Joseph, Minnesota. She joined its staff when it was still a high school. It was a plan to convert the school into a college that caused Sister Inez to pursue further studies in history, literature, sociology, and anthropology at the University of Minnesota and The Catholic University of America. She was the first woman fully admitted to The Catholic University of America and received an anthropology Ph.D. there in 1939. In 1955, she became a research associate of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Sister Inez's field work began during the 1930s with concern for the social problems of Chippewa Indians of Minnesota; but, influenced by Rhoda Metraux and Margaret Mead, she eventually developed a special interest in the life of children. She pursued such studies among the Chippewa (1932-1966); Arapaho (1935-1942), Araucanian (1946-1947; 1951-1952), and Ainu and Japanese (1962-1963). For the Human Relations Area File, she prepared a field guide for the study of childlife. In addition, she carried out miscellaneous ethnological studies among several Plains, southwestern, southeastern, and Latin American tribes. At the end of her life, Sister Inez was working among the Blackfeet collecting what she called "grandmother tales." Her work was basically descriptive. In addition to her classroom teaching and field work, Sister Inez prepared a field guide for the study of child life for the Human Relations Area File. Sister Inez died in St. Joseph, Minnesota, on May 18, 1977. These papers reflect the professional life of anthropologist Sister Inez Hilger. The collection includes correspondence; Latin American diaries and notebooks (arranged chronologically); noteslips (arranged by tribe and/or subject); reading notes; notes on museum specimens; outlines and draft publications; survey materials; black and white photographs (both prints and negatives, arranged by subject and geographical area); color slides; sound recordings; some outline tracings of artifacts; plant specimens; newspaper clippings (primarily concerning Indians and Sister Inez); published maps; and several original illustrations. There is also a large amount of printed material, primarily reprints of Hilger's articles. Of special interest are psychological tests which Hilger and associates administered to Ainu and Japanese school children in 1965, as well as materials relating to the study of child life by Margaret Mead and John M. Cooper. A tape-recorded interview with Hilger conducted by a niece, Mary Zirbes, concerns her early life and entracne into Catholic University.. Correspondents include Margaret Mead and Rhoda Metraux. The collection occupies 18.5 linear feet of shelf space. Bibliography of Works by Sister Inez Hilger 1939 A Social Survey of One Hundred Fifty Chippewa Indian Families on the White Earth Reservation of Minnesota. 1951 Chippewa Child Life and Its Cultural Background. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 146. Washington, D.C. 1952 Arapaho Child Life and Its Cultural Background. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 148. Washington, D.C. 1957 Araucanian Child Life and Its Cultural Background. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 155. Washington, D.C. 1960 Field Guide to the Ethnological Study of Child Life. Human Relations Area Files Behavior Science Field Guides, v. 1 1966 Huenun Namku: An Arauncanian Indian of the Andes Remembers the Past (with Margaret Mondloch). 1971 Together with the Ainu: A Vanishing People.
Series Descriptions and Container Lists DIARIES AND NOTEBOOKS. 1946-47; 1966-68. 6 in. 14 vol. Box 1 Arranged chronologically. The early diaries concern Sister Inez's travels in Latin America; the later ones the period that she was working on her Ainu material. Except for a few notes on anthropological specimens seen at the Museo Historica National de Chile, little is of direct anthropological concern. The diaries briefly records things seen, people met, and activities pursued. Also recorded are names and addresses, reminders of things to do, and odd facts concerning history, Catholic religious practices, events, and impressions about them. MATERIAL RELATING TO THE FIELD GUIDE TO THE ETHNOLOGICAL STUDY OF CHILD LIFE. 1932-1966. 5 in. Box 2 Includes notes, printed and processed material, letters, outlines, and manuscripts of writings. There are several versions of the guide as it was developed between 1941 and 1960. Also includes material by other anthropologists used as models. Among these are an introduction, largely of a historical natural, to a questionnaire concerning religion and magic; materials relating to appraoches to the study of child life suggested by Margaret Mead; and several outlines and questionnaires on child life and other subjects by Father John M. Cooper. In addition, there are a few notes and processed items that relate to the Human Relations Area Files and its publication of Sister Inez's guide. There is also a list of Sister Inez's field expeditions between 1932 and 1952. NOTESLIPS REGARDING THE CHIPPEWA. 1932-1942. ca. 14 in. Box 3 Arranged by subject. The slips were made mainly from field notes taken on the White Earth Reservation and include the subject of discussion, name and age of the informant, and the location and date of the interview. Also included are reading notes made from library materials. In addition, there are a few copies of forms used by the tribal council, copies of historical documents, articles from religious journals, and bibliographic notes. Additional notes on the Chippewa are included in the series of Miscelanneous Field and Reading Notes. Divisions of Child Life Prenatal period Birth Postnatal interests Nursing Feeding Weaning Names Boys' puberty rites Girls' puberty rites Magico-religious training Training children Moral training Prepuberty fast Mental training Diversions Marriage Vocational training (includes notes on such subjects as crafts, food preparation, clothing, fishing, hunting, canoe making, and dwellings) Chiefs Unarranged notes (includes such subjects as biographical data on informants, tattooing, reglion and beliefs, and burial as well as additional material on child life) CHIPPEWA PHOTOGRAPHS. 1932-1940. 8 1/4 in. Arranged by subject. The photographs are black and white snapshots made by Sister Inez or companions on the Red Lake, Vermillion Lake, Mille Lacs, White Earth, Lac du Flambean, L'Anse, and Lac Courte Orielle reservations. Generally there is both a negative and a print for each image. Box 4 Birchbark Receptables Canoe making Burials Indian mounds Clothing Adults Children Transporting Rope making Religion Recreation Food Tanning Fishing Family Dwellings NOTESLIPS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND OTHER MATERIAL CONCERNING THE ARAPAHOS. 1935-1942. 16 in. Box 5 Includes noteslips with data collected from the field with name of informant, age, date, location, and subject. Also notes made from the study of museum specimens and published material. There are also black-and-white photographs made by Sister Inez or her companions, including both negatives and prints. Mainly these are portraits of both northern and southern Arapahos. There are also views of a Sun Dance at the Wind River Reservation in 1940, of shelters, persons in tribal dress, and persons involved in the care of children. A few of the photographs are of museum specimens. Informants Bibliography History Divisions of life/preface Prenatal Birth Postnatal Atypical conditions Nursing Names Prepuberty Puberty Training Mental training Moral training Diversions Health Eternity Lodge/age societies Vocational Photographs Politics Religion Marriage Notes used in the preparation of publications MISCELLANEOUS FIELD AND READING NOTES. 1936-1943. 22 in. Boxes 6-7 Many of the notes relate to child rearing, but miscellaneous other data is also recorded. Informants include Indians, teachers, physicians, and members of religious orders. Arikara Blackfeet Cherokee Chippewa Cheyenne Crow Menominee Miscellaneous Navaho Plains Pueblo Sioux NOTESLIPS FROM SECONDARY SOURCES. n.d. 36 in. Boxes 8-10 Arranged by tribe or source. Canadian tribes Papago Ottawa Winnebago Narragansett Shawnee Sauk and Fox Chippewa Menoninee Gros Ventre Cheyenne Other tribes Notes from Jesuit Relations ed. by Thwaites "NOTES ON CROW CULTURE." ca. 1970. 1/2 in. Box 11 Unarranged. Consists of the proofs and final version of an article published in Baeseler-Archiv: Beitrage zum Volkerkunde, xviii, 1970. There seems to be no significant difference between the two versions. NOTESLIPS CONCERNING THE ARAUCANIANS. 1946-1947; 1951-1952. 12 in. Box 12 Arranged by subject. Mostly data collected in the field in Chile and Argentina. Generally, the notes include the subject, name of the informant, the informant’s age, location and date. Some notes from published sources are included. Subjects include: Adult behavior; mental training; diversions; marriage; religion; life after death; government; tillatun, ownership/inheritance; religion; fishing; hunting; pottery; meals; fire; clothing; food/drink/basketry; housing; implements for cooking and eating; transportation; trades; dyes; spinning and weaving; teaching children; sickness; relationship; division of labor; words; summary statements; informants; secondary sources; museums; geographic locations; prenatal factors; prenatal period; birth; postnatal interests; nursing/weaning/feeding; atypical conditions; and family. ARAUCANIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 1946-52 28 in. Boxes 13-15 Arranges in four sub-series: the first arranged by subject; the second by geographical area; the third consisting of photographs used in Araucanian Child and the fourth being miscellany. Most are images made by Sister Inez and companions in Chile 1946-47; some photographs made later in Argentina are included. A few postcards are also present. Subjects in the first series are: clothing; landscapes; health; government; adults and children; burials; food; transportation; religion; harvest; children; adolescents; adults; families; education; fishing; fences; ruka; diversions; weaving and basketry; and diapers/nursing/cradles. Persons include Domingo Huenun, Ernestina Huenullanka, Rosario Lienlaf, Lorenza Hualme de Lienlaf, Margareta Aukopan de Huenullan, Emilia Nillanan de Huenullan, the Cacique of Malleio, Aurelia Lienlaf, Sister Gerena, Father Policarp, Antonio de Lienlaf, Francisco Huenullanka, Pedro Huenullanka, Jose Lienlaf, Francisco Coniulaf, Romualdo Lienlaf, Alfonso Liélof, Lydia Lienlaf, Laura del Carmen Huenullan, Galvarino Lienlaf, Hilda Pichun, Elias Antumilia, Emilia Millanau de Huenullan, Juana Llankinau, Augustina Lienlaf, Hortensia Lienlaf, and Rosa Lienlaf. There are also several photographs of native healers or machi. The second sub-series consists of photographs made at Alepue, Boroa, Conaripe, Parpinpulli, San Jose, Villarica, San Martin de los Andes, and Valdivia. Mostly they are scenic views or photographs of Sister Inez and other members of religious orders. There are, however, some photographs of native people and artifacts included. Lists of some of the photographs are in the file but there are no indication so the way in which they match the photographs. MISCELLANEOUS ARAUCANIAN MATERIAL. 1916-65 (much undated). 7 in. Box 16-16A Arranged by type of material. Includes a bibliography, lists of plants and animals used by Araucanians, and notes and other material used by Sister Inez to check mechanical accuracy and proper focus of her writing. Also includes two draft summaries of her findings in fieldwork in Chile, one of which was submitted for the 1952 year book of the American Philosophical Society. A few outline tracings of artifacts and drawings from school children and adults are included. In addition there are plant specimens, a few original notes and letters and instruction in German. MATERIAL REGARDING HUENUN NAMKU: AN ARAUCANIAN INDIAN OF THE ANDES REMEMBERS THE PAST. 1952-62. 10 in. Boxes 17-18 Arranged by type of material. Includes field notes, drafts and illustrative material, including a few unpublished photographs. There is also correspondence with Rhoda Metraux and Margaret Mead, who gave Sister Inez in finding a publisher; with the University of Oklahoma Press, and a letter to Father Policarp in Chile. MATERIAL REGARDING THE AINU AND TOGETHER WITH THE AINU. ca. 1965-71. 16 in. Boxes 19-22 Mush of the series consists of drafts of the publication. Also includes Ainu and Japanese vocabularies somewhat more extensive than the one published in the book, notes on a visit with Toshio Araida, and printed material. In addition, includes types copies of notes collected by Chiye Sano and Midori Yamaha, Sister Inez’s Japanese assistants in the field. The notes include some material from publication but most contain data collected from informants. Given in each document is the name of the informant, sometimes with brief explanatory notes about his or her identity, place and date. Marginal glosses indicate subjects which include mortuary customs; discrimination against the Ainu; traditional arts, crafts, and literature; religion and beliefs; Chiri Mashiho, an Ainu scholar; history; language; personal and place names; birth; childcare, child training and formal education; medicine; recreation; marriage; dwellings; family and kinship; tattooing, crime, chiefs; horses; business; food preparation; agriculture; fishing; ceremonies; cradles; adoption; dances; and seaweed. MATERIAL RELATING TO PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST ADMINISTERED TO AINU AND JAPANESE SCHOOL CHILDREN. 1964-69. 10 in. Boxes 23-24 Arranged by test. In 1965, Sister Inez, Chiyo Sano, and Midoru Yamaha administered tests to school children on Hokkaido. The Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test was given to first, second, and third grade students. Fifth and sixth graders were asked to respond to the question " what do you want to be?" and to complete unfinished stories. Included are drawings and responses, data on the children, and other miscellaneous material such as copies of instructions, notes to explain the administration of the tests, invoices, and original testing materials. In addition, certain Ainu children were given the Lowenfeld Mosaic Test. Copies of data concerning the children, identifications of their designs, and photographs of their designs are included. Also included is a letter transmitting the original materials to Margaret Mead and Rhoda Metraux. This material is restricted to professional researchers who demonstrate their need of access and who will agree to protect the privacy of the individuals tested. AINU PHOTOGRAPHS. 1957-65. 7 in. Box 25 Arranged in four sub-series: negatives of photographs used in Together with the Ainu, photographs arranged by subject, unarranged photographs, and duplicates. The material consists of both prints and related negative. Most of the items are in black and white. A few color slides are included. Most were taken by Sister Inez. There are a few by T.Tkoti, and E. Remondina, and S. Kadama. The photographs arranged by subject include those of homes and homesteads; family; school; fishing and hunting; food and gardening; rice cultivation; clothing weaving; woodcarving; yukor, music, dance; religion; health; burial; and portraits. The unarranged photographs include similar subjects. MATERIAL REGARDING THE TELEVISION COURSE "ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE AMERICAS." 1957-58 13 in. Boxes 26-28 Partially arranged by type of material; partially by lecture. Includes a small amount of correspondence, newspaper clippings, and printed material used in preparation for the course, and a course outline. Material for each lecture includes such items and outline notes, photographs, and instructions for stage properties. Arranged alphabetically by title. Includes drafts, final versions, and some printed material. There are a few original illustrations. Boxes 29-30 Araucanian bibliography "Araucanian Customs: An Afternoon with an Araucanian Family on the Coastal Range of Chile," Journal de la Societé des Americanistes, LV, No.1 (1966), 201-220 "An Araucanian of the Andes: Emilia Millanau de Huenullan," American Benedictine Review (June, 1960) "Araurcanian Pottery" "The Araucanian Weaver," Boletin del Museo nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile, XXX (1967), 291-98 "A Bibliographic Source List in Ethnobotany" "The Blackfoot Indians" (student paper) "The Catholic Sociologist and the American Indian" "The Cheyenne and Arapaho and Other Indian Tribes of the Plains Area" (student paper) "Chippewa Burial and Mourning Customs," American Anthropologist, n.s. XLVI (1944), 564-68; "Chippewa Child Life and Its Cultural Background," Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 146, 1951 "Chippewa Interpretation of Natural Phenomena," The Scientific Monthly, XLV (August, 1937), 178-79 "The Crow Indians" (probably by Juli Forester) "Cultural Anthropology" (student paper) "Cultural Changes in Japan," The American Benedictine Review (December 1964), 515-29 An Ethnographic Field Method, 1954 "Father De Smet," Christian Family (February, 1944) Interview with Emily Peake "Menomini Child Life," Journal de la Societé des Americanistes, n.s. XL (1951), 163-72 "Naming a Chippewa Child," The Wisconsin Archeologist (1958) "Notes on Cheyenne Child Life," American Anthropologist, XLVIII, No.1 (1946), 60-69 "Notes on the Chyenne," "The Ojibways" (student paper) "Die Reise nach America" (by Frederick William Hilger) "Rock Paintings in Argentina," Anthropos, LVII (1962), 514-23 (co-authored with Margaret Mondlock) "Some Customs of the Chippewa on the Turtle Mountain Reservation of North Dakota," North Dakota History (Summer, 1959) "Some Early Customs of Blackfeet Indians" "Some Early Customs of the Menomini Indians," Journal de la Societé des Americanistes (1960) "To the Nurse: A Challenge," Nursing World (1951) "What is There in a Name?" "Why Teach Social Science in Schools of Nursing," Trained Nurse and Hospital Review (1941) PRINTED MATERIAL. Most 1930s-70s. 3 ft. Includes reprints of articles by Sister Inez in both anthropology and nursing;; miscellaneous reprints and newspaper clippings concerning Indians and Sister Inez; book on the Ainu collected in Japan and miscellaneous other publications. Boxes 31-37 Box 38 Arranged by subject. Includes notes, letters, photographs, maps lists, announcements, printed material. Contains material concerning excavations of shell middens on Hokkaido, Araucanian weaving, Menomini care of teeth, and Easter Island (the letter received from Sister Gertrudis Koether). Other selected items include letters of Julia Forester, a list of Ainu sound recordings (see the following series), and printed material concerning William Foxwell Albright. There are in addition various reminders of things to do and material concerning arrangements and plans to publish articles. Box 39 SOUND RECORDINGS CONCERNING THE AINU. 1965. fourteen 5-inch reels. One tape is a recording of a 1952 broadcast of a bear festival by the United States Armed Forces Far East Network. Some Ainu music and statements are included. The other taes resulted from Sister Inez’s field work carried on with the assistance of Chiye Sano and Midori Yamaha. There are both original and edited versions, the latter having basic data sheets included. The tapes contain poetry, lullabies, improvised songs, conversations, a tongue twister, and a description of the treatment of boil. Performers and commentators include Shigeru Kayano, Toroshino Kaizawa, Haru Maeda, Ume Kaezawa, Kisa Shitakawara, Riyo Seki, Tsarakichi Seki, Mine Honda, and Misao Kaizawa. SOUND RECORDINGS CONCERING MONTANA HISTORY AND THE BLACKFEET. ca. 1972. 6 cassettes. These consists of interviews with Elizabeth Galbreath Wetzel, Arthur and Dorothy Chichester, and an unidentified white woman. Wetzel was half Blackfoot and half Scots. Most of her material consists of personal anecdotes and remembrances. The Chichesters were ranchers near Great Falls and their recordings largely concern family history and the history of their area. The white woman was th daughter of a Bureau of Indian Affairs Agent who grew up on the Blackfoot Reservation. She tells Blackfoot stories about the creation of men and women and about the way in which the skunk got its stripes and smell. SOUND RECORDINGS CONCERNING THE CHIPPEWA. Early 1970s. 5 cassettes. The material was collected by Sister Inez for an introduction to a proposed new edition of her Chippewa Child Life and Its Cultural Background. The introduction was apparently conceived as a brief ethnographic survey of the modern Chippewa, with a particular emphasis on economic and social problems. Some of the recordings were dictation for a typist. Others consist of interviews with a priest who had a rather negative view towards people on the reservations and with Arthur Gahbow, a chairman of the Mille Lacs council. SOUND RECORDINGS BY SISTER M. INEZ HILGER. 1976. 1 cassette. An interview of Sister Inez by her niece Mary Zirbes. Largely concerns her early life and education and entrance into the Catholic University of America. MAPS. 1929-58 (several undated). 47 items MAP CASE Unarranged. Mostly published political maps of the United States, Europe, the Near East, Japan, and South America. Some show Indian reservations and schools. Several items of Latin America are of Chile. MISCELLANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHS. 1932-46. 8 in. Box 40 Arranged by tribe or area. Mostly black and white prints. Some negatives and postcards are also included. Most of the photographs were made by Sister Inez. Subjects include: portraits, artifacts, Indian ceremonies and Catholic ceremonies, school groups, dwellings, and baby carrying. A few notes on the Shoshoni Sun Dance and on the Winnebago are included. File divisions are: Blackfeet Carchiquel Catawba Cherokee (eastern) Cheyenne Columbia - includes school children from the Peratapuya, Huetoto, Quaiquer, Goagiros, Cateos, Cocina, Tunebos, Paeces, and Quambianos tribes. There are also various tribes represented in the files of the "El Regaldo" in Bogota. Crow Eskimo Menomini Navajo Pueblo - includes those taken at Tusque, San Juan, Santa Clara, Taos, Puye, and Isleta. Shonshoni Sioux Unidentified Winnebago Persons shown are: Blackfoot Two Guns Cherokee Agnes Little John Mollie Running Wolf Charlie Big Witch Cheyenne Mary and Josephine Inkanich Lourine Reader Augustine Nooster Mary Ann Little Crow Myrtle Big Man Ties His Knee Old Rabbit Mary Long Tail Mabel Hill Naomi and Cordelia Yellow Mule Cecilia Half Dessie Old Coyote James and Sarah Buffalo Paul Kill Joe Mt. Picket Marie Half Menomini Jane Shoptak Jane Wankan Carlie Dutchman Navajo Mabel Benali Betty and Charles Boyd Pueblo Juan Pino Cleto and Severa Tafoya Julio and Maria Martinez Sioux Oscar One Bull Brave Baffalo
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