Subject Heading	Code
New journal	B010
Avian biology & life history	B100
Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand	B108
Europe & Iceland	B110
Mexico, Central America, & Caribbean	B112
North Africa & Middle East	B116
North America & Greenland	B118
Northern Hemisphere	B122
Oceania	B124
South America	B130
Behavior & communication	B300
Agonistic & aggressive behavior	B302
Learning, memory, & intelligence	B304
Locomotion	B306
Self-maintenance (Daily time budget, preening, Bathing, Anting, Roosting)	B308
Sensory perception (Auditory, Magnetic, Olfactory, Tactile, Visual sensing)	B310
Sexual behavior (Courtship, Pair Bonding, Copulation)	B312
Social and interspecific behavior (Colonial behavior, Social organization)	B314
Territoriality & home range	B316
Visual signals	B318
Vocalizations & other sounds	B320
Birds & humans	B500
Collisions & other artificial fatalities	B502
Damage to crops or fisheries, Nuisance Control	B504
Gamebird management & hunting	B508
Introduced species (non-game)	B509
Uses of birds by humans	B510
Breeding habits	B700
Breeding schedule & dates	B702
Brood parasitism , Egg dumping, & Foster parenting	B704
Cooperative or communal breeding	B706
Effects of human studies or presence	B708
Eggs & incubation, including egg physiology & morphology	B710
Extra-pair mating, paternity	B712
Mating systems	B714
Nesting habitat, nest site, & structure	B716
Parental care & feeding	B718
Young, from hatching to fledging (Growth & Development)	B720
Conservation	B900
Captives (Maintenance, Rehabilitation, & Release)	B902
Declining & endangered species	B904
Education programs, politics, planning	B906
Effects of man-made environmental changes	B908
Habitat protection & management	B910
Species recovery measures	B912
Diseases, parasites, & pathology	C100
Diseases & disease transmission	C102
Parasites, external & internal	C104
Pathology & injury	C106
Distribution & avifaunas
General, worldwide, or zoogeography	C302
Antarctica & sub-Antarctica	C306
Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand	C308
Europe & Iceland	C310
Mexico, Central America, & Caribbean	C312
New World	C314
North America & Greenland	C318
Northern Asia & Far East	C320
Oceania	C324
South America	C330
Documentation	C700
Bibliographies & databases	C702
Biographies, obituaries, & history	C704
Collecting & collections, taxonomic specimens	C706
Terminology	C708
Ecology, environment, & populations	C900
Biocides & pollution	C902
Birds as environmental monitors	C904
Climate & weather effects	C906
Habitat change, selection, & use; community structure, habitat suitability models	C908
Life span & survivorship	C910
Mortality causes	C912
Population numbers, censuses, trends, & dynamics	C914
Predation & predators	C916
Reproductive effort & productivity	C918
Site fidelity & dispersal	C920
Species composition & competition; biodiversity	C922
Trophic levels, energy cycles, & related relationships	C924
Winter habitat & habits	C926
Evolution & systematics	D100
Classification & phylogeny	D103
Evolutionary patterns, rates, & processes: species or higher taxa	D105
Coevolution or interaction between avian and non-avian species	D106
Intraspecific variation	D108
New taxa	D110
Taxonomy & nomenclature	D114
Food habits & nutrition	D300
Diet, food selection, & nutrition	D302
Drinking, pellet-casting, & defecation	D304
Foraging habits, food transport, storage	D306
Kleptoparasitism	D308
Genetics & hybridization	D500
Behavioral and population genetics	D502
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics	D504
Hybrids & progeny	D508
Identification	D700
Species identification	D702
Sex or age class identification	D704
Migration & navigation	D900
Migratory behavior	D902
Migratory dates, timing, & routes	D904
Migratory physiology	D906
Navigation & homing	D908
Morphology & physiology	E100
Abnormal external appearance	E101
Circulatory system	E102
Digestive system	E104
Embryology & development	E106
Endocrine system & hormones	E108
Excretory system & water metabolism (Urinary structures, Nasal glands)	E110
Integument (Feathers, Molts, Plumages, Integumentary structures, Skin)	E114
General morphology (Body size, Sexual dimorphism, Regional morphology)	E116
Physiology & biochemistry (Body composition, Day length effects, Energy metabolism, Lipid physiology, protein physiology)	E118
Reproductive system & physiology	E120
Respiratory system	E122
Sensory & nervous system	E124
Skeletomuscular system	E126
Paleornithology	E300
Jurassic & Cretaceous fossils	E302
Paleocene, Eocene, & Oligocene fossils	E304
Miocene & Pliocene fossils	E306
Pleistocene & Holocene fossils & subfossils	E308
Site surveys	E310
Techniques	E500
Binoculars and telescopes	E501
Biochemical or biophysical assay	E502
Captive breeding, care, & rehabilitation	E504
Censuses, maps, & surveys	E506
Environmental monitoring	E508
Feeding methods and diet analysis	E509
Field methods not included elsewhere	E510
Genetic methods	E512
Mathematical models	E514
Nesting studies	E515
Physiological methods	E518
Predator and nuisance control	E520
Tracking & remote monitoring	E524
Trapping, netting, banding, & marking	E526

The following serials are represented by abstracts in ROL #79:

Acarologia 39(4) (1999)

Advances in Small Animal Medicine & Surgery 6(4) (1993)

AFA Watchbird 20(6) (1993)

Alabama Birdlife 44(1) (1998)

Ambio 26 (1997)

American Fisheries Society Symposium 23 (1999)

American Midland Naturalist 138-141 (1997 -1999)

American Zoologist 35-37 (1995-1997)

Anatomia Histolologia Embryologia 19 (1990)

Anatomical Record 232 (1992)

Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24 (1993)

Aquatic Nuisance Species Digest 1(3) (1996)

Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology 20-36 (1991-1999)

Argos Newsletter No. 53 (1998)

Austrian Journal of Statistics 27 (1998)

Avian Diseases 39 (1995)

Bahamas Journal of Science 4 (1997)

Behavioural Processes 43 (1998)

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 50 (1993)

Biometrics 46-53 (1990-1997)

Biotropica 30-31 (1998-199)

Birding 30 (1998)

Bluebird 64-66 (1997-1999)

Bulletin of Environmental Contaminants & Toxicology 58-59 (1997)

Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society 30-32 (1997-1999)

Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 29-30, 32 (1996-1997, 1999)

Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 48, 53 (1991, 1996)

California Fisheries & Game 78-84 (1992-1998)

Canadian Field-Naturalist 112-113 (1998-1999)

Chat 62 (1998)

Club Conchylia Informationen 31 (1999)

Colonial Waterbirds 21 (1998)

Communications in Statistical-Theory & Methods 22 (1993)

Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology Part C 108, 113, 122 (1994, 1996, 1999)

Condor 95, 101 (1993, 1999)

Connecticut Warbler 18-19 (1998)

Current Ornithology 7-8, 10-11 (1990-1991, 1993)

Developmental Dynamics 203 (1995)

Ecological Applications 8 (1998)

Ecology 74, 80 (1993, 1999)

Ecotoxicology 2-3, 6 (1993-1994, 1997)

Elepaio 57-59 (1997-1999)

Environmental Ecology Statistics 3 (1996)

Environmental Health Perspectives Supplement 103 (1995)

Environmental Management 17, 20 (1993, 1996)

Environmental Monitoring & Assessment 18-40 (1991-1996)

Environmental Pollution 65-91 (1990-1996)

Environmental Sciences & Technology 24 (1990)

Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry 15-17 (1996-1998)

Estuaries 19 (1996)

Ethology 104-105 (1998-1999)

Fieldiana, Zoology n.s. 65 (1991)

Florida Field Naturalist 19, 22-26 (1991, 1994-1998)

Fundamental & Applied Toxicology 34 (1996)

Gosse Bird Club Broadsheet 69 (1997)

Great Basin Naturalist 58 (1998)

Indiana Audubon Quarterly 77 (1999)

Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 8 (1992)

Journal of Applied Ecology 31 (1994)

Journal of the Ecological Society 4 (1991)

Journal of Environmental Management 19 (1995)

Journal of Environmental Quality 27 (1998)

Journal of Experimental Biology 165 (1992)

Journal of Experimental Zoology 262 (1992)

Journal of Great Lakes Research 24-25 (1998-1999)

Journal of Heredity 86, 90 (1985, 1999)

Journal of Louisiana Ornithological Society 2(1), 4(2) (1991, 1998)

Journal of Morphology 213-215 (1992-1993)

Journal of Paleontology 64-68 (1990-1994)

Journal of Parasitology 77-85 (1991-1999)

Journal of Raptor Research 33 (1999)

Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health 32, 34 (1991)

Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, 14 (1995, 1998)

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35 (1999)

Journal of Zoo Wildlife Medicine 22-26 (1991-1995)

Kentucky Warbler 74-75 (1999-1999)

Kingbird 48-49 (1998-1999)

Landscape Urban Planning 21 (1991)

Loon 69-71 (1997-1999)

Louisiana Ornithological Society News 186 (1999)

Maryland Magazine 22 (1990)

Meadowlark 6-8 (1997-1999)

Micronesica 31 (1999)

Mississippi Outdoors 57 (1994)

Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution 1 (1992)

Museum International 48 (1996)

Natural Areas Journal 13-17 (1993-1997)

Netherlands Journal of Zoology 42 (1992)

New Mexico Ornithological Society Bulletin 25, 27 (1997, 1999)

North American Bird Bander 22, 24 (1997, 1999)

Northeastern Naturalist 4-6 (1997-1999)

Northwestern Naturalist 77-80 (1996-1999)

Ohio Journal of Science 97 (1997)

Oregon Birds 19-22 (1993-1996)

Oriole 61(2/3) (1996)

Ornithologia Caribena 3 (1992)

Pacific Science 52-53 (1998-1999)

Paleobiology 17 (1991)

Park Science 15 (1995)

Passenger Pigeon 59-60 (1997-1998)

Pennsylvania Birds 7-12 (1993-1998)

Proceedings of the American Association Zoological Parks & Aquariums 1991

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians & the Association of Reptile & Amphibian Veterinarians 1994 (1994)

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians 1990 (1990)

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the MidAtlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians 12 (1991)

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of SE Association Fish Wildlife Agencies 45 (1991)

Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians 1992-1993

Proceedings of the Biological Society Washington 110-112 (1997-1999)

Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 106 (1997)

Proceedings of the National Academy Science USA 89, 95 (1992, 1998)

Puget Sound Notes (Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, Olympia, WA) No. 26 (1991)

Purple Martin Update 6 (1995)

Quarterly Review of Biology 72 (1997)

Raptor-link 1 (1993)

Raven 70 (1999)

Review of Environmental Contaminants & Toxicology 115 (1990)

Science Total Environment 224 (1998)

Seminars in Avian & Exotic Pet Medicine 3 (1994)

Society of Caribbean Ornithology 5 (1992)

Studies of Neotropical Fauna and the Environment 25 (1990)

Texas Birds 1(1) (1999)

Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 57-60 (1996-1999)

Transactions of the North American Wildlife Natural Resources Conference 55-63 (1990-1998)

USDA, Forest Service General Technical Reports NC-190 (1997)

Urban Ecosystems 1 (1997)

Virginia Journal of Science 49 (1998)

Waterbirds 22 (1999)

Wetlands 18 (1998)

Wildlife Society Bulletin 26 (1998)

Zoo Biology 10, 14, 16 (1991, 1995, 1997)

Zoologische Jahrbuecher fuer Anatomie 122 (1992)

Zoomorphology (Berlin) 111 (1991)

[Cautionary Note: Some of the volumes indicated above may have only a single reprint that has been brought to the attention of the ROL. In cases of large ranges of volume numbers indicated in this list, some volumes may be missing from this issue. The ROL receives individual reprints or abstracts from authors and other sources and does not wish users to feel that all volumes indicated in this list have been thoroughly scanned for papers of interest to the ROL.]

Acknowledgments: We appreciate the work of the following abstractors who contributed to this issue: Vanessa L. Artman, Reed Bowman, Thomas M. Brooks, Sophie Calme, John S. Castrale, Roger B. Clapp, David L. Evans, Jon. S. Greenlaw, Paul A. Grindrot, Paul D. Hess, William P. Johnson, Sheridan N. Leckie, J. Brent Ortego, James R. Phillips, Eloise F. Potter, J. Van Remsen, Ghislain Rompre, Jay M. Sheppard, P. William Smith, USGS Library (Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD), and James C. Vanden Berge.

 

{B010} Ecology Letters. Subscriptions (US$35 individual) from Blackwell Science Ltd., Journal Subscriptions, PO Box 88, Oxford OX2 0NE, UK. ISSN 1461-023X. Bi-monthly. Aims to publish rapidly "the most exciting work in fast moving areas of the ecological sciences," in English.---T.M.B. {ROL #79}

{B010} Texas Birds is a new publication of the Texas Ornithological Society (TOS). This magazine replaces the newsletter published by the TOS. The editor is Shannon Davies. The first volume was published in 1999. Two volumes per year are planned featuring articles on identification, status, and distribution of Texas avian species; discovery and description of Texas rarities; Texas specialties; research projects; habitat conservation; and other subjects of interest to those who bird in Texas. Price is US$20 per year. To order, contact Texas Ornithological Society at 401 Pinn Oak, Ingram, TX 78025-3525, USA.---J.B.O. {ROL #79}

{B100} Marshall, J. T. 1999. Ornithological tracts on taxonomy and distribution. 91 pp., priv. publ., Springfield, VA. (PO Box 30890, Alexandria, VA 22310, USA; EM: jtmvz@juno.com)---10 miscellaneous papers; title notwithstanding, one on his shrew collection, another on botany of Mt. Graham, Arizona; manuscripts for some actually completed nearly as much as 20 years ago. Bird papers cited individually.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B100} Moreno, E., & L. M. Carrascal. 1993. Ecomorphological patterns of aerial feeding in oscines (Passeriformes: Passeri). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 50: 147--165. (No address available.) {ROL #79}

{B100} Ricklefs, R. E. 1993. Sibling competition, hatching asynchrony, incubation period, and lifespan in altricial birds. Curr. Ornithol. 11: 199--276. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.)---Discusses the problem of long incubation periods, theories concerning variation in hatching synchrony, comparative data tabulated by family of incubation period, association between long incubation period, asynchronous hatching, and laying intervals longer than 1 day, and other related issues.---S.N.L. {ROL #79}

{B100} Starck, J. M. 1993. Evolution of avian ontogenies. Curr. Ornithol. 10: 275--366. (Zool. Inst., Eberhard Karls-Univ. Tübingen, D-7400 Tübingen 1, Germany.)---Examines the precocial-altricial spectrum of hatchlings with respect to phylogenetic placement; embryonic, postnatal and adult period; eggs, clutch size and incubation; postnatal growth; ecological constraints; feather development; skeleton, brain and intestine development.---S.N.L. {B720} {ROL #79}

{B100} Zweers, G. A., H. Berkhoudt, & J. C. Vanden Berge. 1994. Behavioral mechanisms of avian feeding. In V. L. Bels, M. Chardon, & P. Vandewalle (eds.), Biomechanics of Feeding in Vertebrates. Advances in Comparative Environmental Physiology, Vol. 18. Chapt. 8. Pp. 241--279. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. (No address available.) {B304, D306} {ROL #79}

{B108} Olsen, J., & S. Trost. 1997. Territorial and nesting behavior in Southern Boobook (Ninox novaeseelandiae). U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 308--313. (Appl. Ecol. Res. Group, Fac. Educ., Univ. Canberra, PO Box 1, Belconnen, ACT 2616, Australia.)---First study of color-marked individuals of this species made during 1993--1997 differed from previous behavior accounts.---J.M.S. {B320, B302, B316, B702, B714, B718, C920} {ROL #79}

{B110} Coles, C. F., & S. J. Petty. 1997. Dispersal behavior and survival of juvenile Tawny Owls (Strix aluco) during the low point in a vole cycle. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 111--118. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. Durham, Sci. Lab., South Rd., Durham DH1 3L3, UK.)---Radio-tracking data are discussed in relation to survival, movement patterns, food resources, and habitat preferences of juvenile owls.---J.M.S. {C908, C910, C920, D302} {ROL #79}

{B110} Rohde, P. A., A. Johnsen, & J. T. Lifjeld. 1999. Female plumage coloration in the Bluethroat: No evidence for an indicator of maternal quality. Condor 101: 98--104. (Univ. Gh Kassel, FB-3---Psych., Holländische Str. 36-38, D-34127 Kassel, Germany; EM: percy.rohde@t-online.de)---Clutch size, hatching dates, feeding rates, and nestling growth did not show more colorful female Luscinia svecica svecica were of superior phenotypic quality.---S.N.L. {mate choice, parental care, sexual dichromatism, sexual selection} {ROL #79}

{B110} Tishechkin, A. K., et al. 1997. Breeding population of the Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa) in Belarus: Summary of recent knowledge. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 449--455. (Inst. Zool., Belarusian Sci. Acad., ul.F.Skoriny 27, 220090 Minsk, Belarus.)---Population of 50--100 pairs isolated by several hundred km from nearest known conspecifics.---J.M.S. {C310, C914} {ROL #79}

{B112} Gerhardt, R. P., & D. M. Gerhardt. 1997. Size, dimorphism, and related characteristics of Ciccaba owls from Guatemala. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 190--196. (341 NE Chestnut, Madras, OR 97741, USA.)---Results are at odds with important assumptions or predictions of numerous hypotheses regarding the evolution of reversed size dimorphism in owls. Ciccaba virgata, Ciccaba nigrolineata.---J.M.S. {B714, D704, E116} {ROL #79}

{B116} Clouet, M., C. Barrau, & J.-L. Goar. 1999. The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Balé Mountains, Ethiopia. J. Raptor Res. 33: 102--109. (16 Ave. Charmettes, 31500 Toulouse, France.)---Also Aquila verreauxii.---P.A.G. {ROL #79}

{B118} Beheler, A. A., & J. B. Dunning, Jr. 1998. American Kestrel use of pine regeneration stands in South Carolina. Chat 62: 173--179. (Dept. For. & Nat. Resour., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.)---Resident adult Falco sparverius at 12 of 90 stands; 1996 breeding season.---E.F.P. {B716, B908, C920} {ROL #79}

{B118} Beletsky, L. D., & G. H. Orians. 1993. Factors affecting which Red-winged Blackbirds acquire territories. Condor 95: 782--791. (Dept. Zool., NJ-15, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 981945, USA; EM: beletsky@u.washington.edu.)---Agelaius phoeniceus usually obtained territories their first potential year of breeding and had dispersed ca. 1400 m across an average of 25 territories between natal and breeding sites.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B118} Below, T. H., B. J. Anderson, & J. L. Douglas. 1996. Field notes on Chuck-will's-widow migration. Florida Field Nat. 24: 41--42. (Natl. Audubon Soc., Rookery Bay Sanctuary, Naples, FL 33942, USA.)---5 Caprimulgus carolinensis observed flying in groups with unidentified warblers and roosting with colonial waterbirds.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B118} Belthoff, J. R., & A. M. Duffy, Jr. 1997. Corticosterone and dispersal in Western Screech-owls (Otus kennicottii). U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 62--67. (Dept. Biol., Boise State Univ., Boise, ID 83725, USA; EM: jbelthoff@claven.idbsu.edu)---Locomotor activity levels are reduced in captive owls at time of dispersal under the influence of a corticosterone-blocking drug.---J.M.S. (C920, E108} {ROL #79}

{B118} Bielefeldt, J., et al. 1998. The Cooper's Hawk in Wisconsin: a review of its breeding biology and status. Passenger Pigeon 60: 111--121. (Park Planning, 14200 Washington Ave., Sturtevant, WI 53177, USA.)---Accipiter cooperii. {ROL #79}

{B118} Bogiatto, R. J. 1998. Nesting ecology of ducks at Eagle Lake, Lassen County, California. Calif. Fish. Game 84: 61--73. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Calif. State Univ., Chico, CA 95929-0515, USA; EM: rbogiatto@avax.csuchico.edu)---Nesting community composition, nest density, chronology, cover, and success 1990--1993, principally for Aythya affinis and Anas strepera but some data also for Anas platyrhynchos and Anas acuta.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B118} Breen, T. F., & J. W. Parrish, Jr. 1997. American Kestrel distribution and use of nest boxes in the coastal plains of Georgia. Florida Field Nat. 25: 128--137. (Dept. Biol., Georgia Southern Univ., Statesboro, GA 30460, USA.)---Falco sparverius occupied 3% of 402 nest boxes north to Fort Gordon, near Augusta. Nest success averaged 62%, and small body size suggests the southern paulus subspecies.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B118} Clum, N. J. 1995. Effects of aging and mate retention on reproductive success of captive female Peregrine Falcons. Am. Zool. 35: 329--339. (Peregrine Fund, Inc., 5666 W. Flying Hawk Ln., Boise, ID 83709, USA.)---For Falco peregrinus, mean nestling survivorship increased with age of mother, while other measures peaked at 7 years, and birds retaining mates produced more fledglings.---E.C.K. {ROL #79}

{B118} David, P. G. 1996. Nesting and food habitats of Barn Owls in south Florida. Florida Field Nat. 24: 93--100. (S. Florida Water Manage. Dist., 23500 SW Kanner Hwy., Canal Point, FL 33438, USA.)---Tyto alba. {B700, D302} {ROL #79}

{B118} Erwin, R. M., V. P. Anders, & K. Miles-Iverson. 1990. Industrial strength herons: The Black-crowns of Baltimore. Maryland Mag. 22: 80. (EM: rme5g@virginia.edu)---The largest Nycticorax nycticorax colony in Maryland is located at the foot of the Key Bridge in Baltimore Harbor in an industrial area. Foraging herons were followed from the colony during May-July, and most landed near industrial/urban sites. Availability of perches and lights (at night) may serve to enhance the herons’ prey capture success.---USGS {contaminants, feeding, breeding colony} {ROL #79}

{B118} Fournier, M. A., & J. E. Hines. 1998. Breeding ecology and status of the Red-necked Grebe, Podiceps grisegena, in the subarctic of the Northwest Territories. Can. Field-Nat. 112: 474--480. (Can. Wildl. Serv., 5204 50th Ave., Suite 301, Yellowknife, NT X1A 1E2, Can.) {ROL #79}

{B118} Frank, R. A., & R. S. Lutz. 1997. Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) productivity and home range characteristics in a shortgrass prairie. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 185--189. (Dept. Wildl. Ecol., Univ. Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.)---Study in Colorado of breeding owls with radios over 3 nesting seasons.---J.M.S. {B316, C918} {ROL #79}

{B118} Hill, D. P. 1998. An apparent case of between-brood sibling competition in Chestnut-collared Longspurs, Calcarius ornatus. Can. Field-Nat. 112: 161--163. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Can.) {B318, B718} {ROL #79}

{B118} Krementz, D. G., & G. W. Pendleton. 1991. Movements and survival of American Black Duck and Mallard broods on Chesapeake Bay. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies 45: 156--166. (EM: David_Krementz@usgs.gov)---Anas rubripes, Anas platyrhynchos. {ROL #79}

{B118} Lance, B. K., & D. D. Roby. 1998. Diet and postnatal growth in Red-legged and Black-legged kittiwakes: An interspecies comparison. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 375--387. (USFWS/MBM, 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503, USA; EM: brian_lance@fws.gov)---Rissa brevirostris and Rissa tridactyla on St. George Island, Alaska, differ in diet, rate of feeding and growth curves; brevirostris chicks largely fed lanternfish (Myctophidae), tridactyla diet more varied with juvenile pollock (Theregra chalcogramma) most important.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B118} Lane, W. H., D. E. Andersen, & T. H. Nicholls. 1997. Distribution, abundance, and habitat use of territorial male Boreal Owls (Aegolius funereus) in northeast Minnesota. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 246--247. (195 Main St., Freeport, ME 04032, USA.) {B316, C318, C914} {ROL #79}

{B118} Lish, J. W. 1997. Diet, population size, and high-use areas of Bald Eagles wintering at Grand Lake, Oklahoma. Bull. Oklahoma Ornithol. Soc. 30: 1--6. (Okla. Coop. Fish Wildl. Res. Unit, 404 Life Sci. West, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.)---Maximum of 87 Haliaeetus leucocephalus recorded 23 Jan 1987; blackbirds (Icteridae) and gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, taken most frequently.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B118} Martell, M., S. Willey, & J. Schadweiler. 1998. Nesting and migration of Swainson's Hawks in Minnesota. Loon 70: 72--81. (Raptor Center, 1920 Fitch Ave., Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.)---Satellite telemetry on Buteo swainsoni.---D.L.E. {ROL #79}

{B118} Morrison, J. L. 1999. Breeding biology and productivity of Florida’s Crested Caracaras. Condor 101: 505--517. (Dept. Biol., 106 Anat.-Zool. Bldg., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; EM: jlmorris@lamar.colostate.edu)---Caracara plancus. {raptor} {ROL #79}

{B118} Piatt, J. E., et al. 1997. Habitat use, diet, and breeding biology of Tufted Puffins in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Northwest. Nat. 78: 102--109. (USGS Alaska Biol. Sci. Center, 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503, USA.)---Nest sites, hatching and fledging success, growth rates, meal size, composition, and delivery rates for Fratercula cirrhata on Seal Island 24 Jun--17 Jul 1995; table compares this site with 6 other colonies.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B118} Piatt, J. F., N. L. Naslund, & T. I. Van Pelt. 1999. Discovery of a new Kittlitz's Murrelet nest: clues to habitat selection and nest-site fidelity. Northwest. Nat. 80: 9--13. (Alaska Biol. Sci. Cent., USGS, 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503, USA.)---Brachyramphus brevirostris near Red Mountain on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B118} Remsen, J. V., Jr., S. W. Cardiff, & D. L. Dittmann. 1998. Status and natural history of birds of Louisiana. I. Vireos (Vireonidae). J. Louisiana Ornithol. Soc. 4(2): 59--102. (Mus. Nat. Sci., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.)---First chapter of book released.---J.B.O. {ROL #79}

{B118} Rumbold, D. G., & M. B. Mihalik. 1994. Snail Kite use of a drought-related habitat and communal roost in West Palm Beach, Florida: 1987--1991. Florida Field Nat. 22: 29--38. (Rosensteil Sch. Mar. Atomos. Sci., Miami, FL 33148, USA.)---Rostrhamus sociabilis form large roosts near water during droughts.---R.Bow. {B308, C908} {ROL #79}

{B118} Senner, S. E. 1998. Rare, local, little known, and declining North American breeders. A closer look: Surfbird. Birding 30: 306--312. (PO Box 102264, Anchorage, AK 99510, USA.)---Present status and distribution, life history and conservation and research needs for Aphriza virgata with 9 color photos of birds and range map.---R.B.C. {B904} {ROL #79}

{B118} Smith, N. 1997. Observations of wintering Snowy Owls (Nyctea scandiaca) at Logan Airport, East Boston, Massachusetts from 1981--1997. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 591--596. (Blue Hills Trailside Mus. & Chickatawbut Hill Educ. Ctr., Mass. Audubon Soc., 1904 Canton Ave., Milton, MA 02186, USA.)---25% were re-sighted outside immediate banding area; 10 of 226 banded birds returned in subsequent winters. Diet and other data presented.---J.M.S. {C926}. {ROL #79}

{B118} Steele, B. B. 1993. Selection of foraging and nesting sites by Black-throated Blue Warblers: Their relative influence on habitat choice. Condor 95: 568--579. (Dept. Nat. Sci., Colby-Sawyer Coll., New London, NH 03257, USA; EM: bsteele@colby-sawyer.edu)---Nest-site requirements more important than foraging habitat for Dendroica caerulescens in New Hampshire.---R.B.C. {B716} {ROL #79}

{B118} Walters, E. 1999. An intimate view: The Ring-billed Gull life cycle in the new Waukegan Colony. Meadowlark 8: 14--17. (7714 N. Marshfield Ave. #2, Chicago, IL 60626, USA.)---Chronology and mortality of young in Illinois Larus delawarensis colony.---R.B.C. (B702, C912} {ROL #79}

{B118} Wasilewski, R. L. 1998. Notes on the physical characteristics and behavior of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in the Wyoming Valley, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. PA Birds 12: 179--181. (Greater Wyoming Valley Audubon Soc., P.O. Box 535, Dallas, PA 18612, USA.)---Extensive observations of a nest on a bridge during the 1998 breeding season.---P.D.H. {raptors, B904, D302, D306, D702, D704} {ROL #79}

{B118} Wauer, R. H. 1999. A Texas speciality: Whooping Crane. Texas Birds 1(1): 14--18. (315 S. Padre Lane, Victoria, TX 77905, USA.)--Grus americana. {ROL #79}

{B122} Duncan, J. R., D. H. Johnson, & T. H. Nicholls, Eds. 1997. Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 1--635, + xxii. (Orders: N. Central Res. Stn., For. Serv., US Dept. Agric., 1992 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; also available: www.ncfes.umn.edu)---2^nd international symposium held Feb 5--9, 1997, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 86 papers (incl. posters and workshops), 5 other speeches, and 31 color photographs of 29 taxa; all but 2 (brief abstract only provided) of the 86 papers, as well as the 2 published speeches cited individually elsewhere in this issue of the ROL.---J.M.S. {ROL #79}

{B124} Baker, P. E., & H. Baker. 1997. Anecdotal observation on Maui Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys). 'Elepaio 57: 143--144. (44 Springfield Rd., Etwall, Derby DE65 6LA, England, UK.)---Of adults and juveniles, aggressive display, opportunistic foraging, excavation foraging.---R.B.C. {B 302, D306} {ROL #79}

{B124} Cousins, K. L. 1998. Black-footed Albatross population biology workshop. Elepaio 58: 47, 52--53. (West. Pacific Reg. Fish. Manage. Council, 1164 Bishop St., Room 1405, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; EM: Kathycousins@noaa.gov)---Short review of distribution and biology of Diomedea nigripes.---R.B.C. {C324} {ROL #79}

{B130} Marin A, M., & F. G. Stiles. 1993. Notes on the biology of the Spot-fronted Swift. Condor 95: 479--483. (Casilla 15, Melipilla, Chile.)---Distribution, nests, molt, behavior and diet of Cypseloides cherriei.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B130} Whitney, B. M., & G. H. Rosenburg. 1993. Behavior, vocalizations and possible relationships of Xenornis setifrons (Formicariidae), a little-known Chocó endemic. Condor 95: 227--231. (Mus. Nat. Sci., 119 Foster Hall, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; EM: 75213.3314@compuserve.com) {B300, B320, D103} {ROL #79}

{B300} Ellis, D. H., et al. 1998. A sociogram for the cranes of the world. Behav. Processes 43: 125--151. (EM: David_H_Ellis@usgs.gov)---The behavioral repertoire for the world's 15 species of cranes includes over 100 behavioral acts with clear social significance. Each species performs at least 60 discrete social postures, vocalizations, displays, and activities. Because all but a handful of the stereotyped social displays are common to all species, the presence or absence of social displays has only limited usefulness in comparing the relatedness of established crane taxonomic groups. However, the breadth of the repertoire for each species and for the family Gruidae tentatively places cranes at the apex of social complexity (at least for stereotyped displays) in the animal world.---USGS {D103} {ROL #79}

{B300} McNeil, R., P. Drapeau, & R. Pierotti. 1993. Nocturnality in colonial waterbirds: Occurrence, special adaptations, and suspected benefits. Curr. Ornithol. 10: 187--246. (Dépt. Sci. Biol., Univ. Montréal, Montréal, PQ H3C 3J7, Can.)---Also discusses how and why nocturnality might have evolved in different groups of colonial waterbirds and includes extensive bibliography.---S.N.L. {ROL #79}

{B302} Brinkley, E. S. 1998. Mobbing of South Polar Skua by Cory’s Shearwater off the North Carolina coast. Chat 62: 33--37. (108 Cocke Hall, Univ. Va., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.)---Catharacta maccormicki, Calonectris diomedea; behavior apparently not previously reported in Procellariiformes.---E.F.P. {ROL #79}

{B302} Bryan, J. E. 1998. Inspection of snakes by White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis, and Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea, nuthatches. Can. Field-Nat. 112: 225--229. (British Columbia Min. Environ., 201-3547 Skaha Lake Rd., Penticton, BC V2A 7K2, Can.) {C916} {ROL #79}

{B302} Casey, R. M., & M. C. Baker. 1993. Aggression and song development in White-crowned Sparrows. Condor 95: 723--728. (Dept. Biol., Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA.)---Considerable aggression between captive adult and juvenile Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli disrupted or inhibited song development.---R.B.C. {B320} {ROL #79}

{B302} Cullen, S., & G. J. Robertson. 1999. Temporal changes in the anti-predator flocking behavior of wintering shorebirds. Waterbirds 22: 156--159. (Manomet Obs. Conserv. Sci., PO Box 1770, Manomet, MA 02345, USA; EM: sacullen@sfu.ca)---Complex flashing, rippling and columnar flights more common later in season at Fraternidad Lagoon, Puerto Rico.---R.B.C. {C926} {ROL #79}

{B302} Herting, B. L., & J. R. Belthoff. 1997. Testosterone, aggression, and territoriality in male Western Screech-owls (Otus kennicottii): Results from preliminary experiments. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 213--217. (Dept. Biol. & Raptor Res. Ctr., Boise State Univ., Boise, ID 83725, USA; EM (JRB): jbelthoff@claven.idbsu.edu)---Exogenous testosterone elicits more aggression at all times of the year.---J.M.S. {B316, E108} {ROL #79}

{B302} Kay, M. F., & H. G. Gilchrist. 1998. Distraction displays made by female Common Eiders, Somateria mollissima borealis, in response to human disturbance. Can. Field-Nat. 112: 529--532. (Can. Wildl. Serv., Suite 301, 5204 50th Ave., Yellowknife, NT X1A 1E2, Can.) {B708} {ROL #79}

{B302} McGinity, J. 1997. Florida Scrub-Jay kills Common Ground-Dove. Florida Field Nat. 25: 101--102. (Northern Illinois Univ., Lorado Taft Field Campus, 1414 N. River Rd., P.O. Box 299, Oregon, IL 61061, USA.)---Aphelocoma coerulescens killed Columbina passerina giving a distraction display near a nest.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B302} McLean, I. G., & G. Rhodes. 1991. Enemy recognition and response in birds. Curr. Ornithol. 8: 173--211. (Dept. Zoo., Univ. Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ.)---Defines a cognitive model in which stored knowledge (either innate or experiential) affects response. Considers theories that attempt to explain mobbing behavior. Uses case study of Shining Bronze Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx lucidus) and Grey Gerygone (Gerygone igata) to examine enemy recognition and response to parasitic eggs and chicks.---S.N.L. {B314, B704} {ROL #79}

{B302} McNair, D. B. 1991. Agonistic behavior of Ruddy Turnstones toward Short-billed Dowitchers foraging for horseshoe crab eggs. Florida Field Nat. 19: 83--84. (303 Robinson St., Rockingham, NC 28379, USA.)---Arenaria interpres aggressive towards Limnodromus griseus.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B302} Metz, K. J., & P. J. Weatherhead. 1993. An experimental test of the contrasting-color hypothesis of red-band effects in Red-winged Blackbirds. Condor 95: 395--400. (Dept. Biol., Carleton Univ., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Can.)---Red color bands had more effect than black or blue ones on aggression towards territorial male Agelaius phoeniceus.---R.B.C. {B318} {ROL #79}

{B302} Stolen, E. D. 1996. Black and Turkey vulture interactions with Bald Eagles in Florida. Florida Field Nat. 24: 43--45. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.)---Haliaeetus leucocephalus displaced Coragyps atratus and Cathartes aura at carcass.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B304} Pranty, B. 1995. Tool use by Brown-headed Nuthatches in two Florida slash pine forests. Florida Field Nat. 23: 33--34. (Archbold Biol. Stn., Lake Placid, FL 33862, USA.)---Sitta pusilla use bark flakes to pry off other bark flakes.---R.Bow. {D306} {ROL #79}

{B306} Adams, N. J., & C. B. Walter. 1993. Maximum diving depths of Cape Gannets. Condor 95: 734--736. (Percy FitzPatrick Inst. Ornithol., Univ. Cape Town, Priv. Bag., Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.)---Morus capensis mean maximum diving depth 5.9 m (n=40, range 1.2--12.6 m) with modal depth range of 2--4 m.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B306} Brigham, R. M., M. B. Fenton, & H. D. J. N. Aldridge. 1998. Flight speed of foraging Common Nighthawks (Chordeiles minor): does the measurement technique matter? Am. Midl. Nat. 139: 325--330. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Can.)---Faster flight speeds recorded with Doppler radar than by timing flights.---V.L.A.{E510} {ROL #79}

{B306} Graves, K. L. 1996. Great Blue Heron swimming. Oregon Birds 22: 9. (H.C. 60, Box 106, Idleyld Park, OR 97447, USA.)---Ardea herodias, while fishing.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B306} Mathews, N. J. C., & A. E. Burger. 1998. Diving depth of a Marbled Murrelet. Northwest. Nat. 79: 70--71. (3570 Telegraph Rd., Cobble Hill RR 2, BC V0R 1L0, Can.)---Brachyramphus marmoratus seen at depth of 13.7 m near Vancouver Island, 25 Oct 1997, apparently the first direct observation of diving depth in this species.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B306} Peters, G., et al. 1998. The diving behavior of Magellanic Penguins at Punta Norda, Peninsula Valdés, Argentina. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 1--10. (Inst. Meereskunde, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany; EM: ifm@ifm.uni-kiel.de)---Spheniscus magellanicus spent the most time near the surface but also spent considerable time at 60 m with a maximum recorded depth of 97 m; at night no individual dived deeper than 12 m.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B308} Alsop, F. J., III. 1995. A communal roost of Gray Catbirds at Eco Pond, Everglades National Park. Florida Field Nat. 23: 69. (Dept. Biol. Sci., E. Tennessee State Univ., Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.)---Dumetella carolinensis. {ROL #79}

{B308} Djupstrom, B. 1998. American Coot roosts in tree. Loon 70: 177. (3895 Cranbrook Dr., White Bear Lake, MN 55110, USA.)---Fulica americana. {ROL #79}

{B308} Gostomski, T. J., & D. C. Evers. 1998. Time-activity budget for Common Loons, Gavia immer, nesting on Lake Superior. Can. Field-Nat. 112: 191--197. (522 18th Ave. W., Ashland, WI 54806, USA.) {ROL #79}

{B308} Post, W. 1998. Blue Grosbeak dustbathing. Florida Field Nat. 26: 126. (Charleston Mus., 360 Meeting St., Charleston, SC 29403, USA.)---Guiraca caerulea in Charleston County, SC.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B308} Rodway, M. S., H. M. Regehr, & J-P. L. Savard. 1993. Activity patterns of Marbled Murrelets in old-growth forest in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Condor 95: 831--848. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Can.; EM: msrodway@sfu.ca)---Brachyramphus marmoratus; more activity for longer periods during cloudy weather and during the morning.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B308} Sproat, T. McK. 1997. Male Eastern Screech-owl (Otus asio) roosting behavior: Possible effects from nesting stage and nest type. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 408--410. (Dept. Biol., Ball State Univ., Muncie, IN 47306, USA.)---Males roost closer to nest during nestling stage than during incubation, but farther from artificial nest box than from natural cavity.---J.M.S. {B718} {ROL #79}

{B308} Whittingham, L. A. 1993. Effects of nestling provisioning on the time-activity budgets of male Red-winged Blackbirds. Condor 95: 730--734. (Dept. Biol. Sci., PO Box 413, Univ. Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA; EM: whitting@alpha2.csd.uwm.edu)---Agelaius phoeniceus feeding nestlings reduce mating and maintenance activities.---R.B.C. {B718} {ROL #79}

{B308} Zador, S. G., & J. F. Piatt. 1999. Time-budgets of Common Murres at a declining and increasing colony in Alaska. Condor 101: 149--152. (JFP: U.S. Geol. Survey, Alaska Biol. Sci. Ctr., 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503, USA; EM: john_piatt@usgs.gov)---Study of Uria aalge at 2 breeding sites in Alaska found attendance time-budgets to be a better index of food availability than other breeding parameters---S.N.L. {B718; colony attendance, parental attendance} {ROL #79}

{B312} Arroyo, B. E. 1999. Copulatory behavior of semi-colonial Montagu’s Harriers. Condor 101: 340--346. (Ctr. Natl. Rech. Sci., Ctr. D’Etudes Biol. Chizé, Villiers en Bois, F-79360, France; EM: outarde@cebc.cnrs.fr)---Circus pygargus. {B706, B712; coloniality, extra-pair copulation} {ROL #79}

{B312} Bertran, J., & A. Margalida. 1999. Copulatory behavior of the Bearded Vulture. Condor 101: 164--168. (Grupo de Estudio y Protección del Quebrantahuesos (GEPT), Ap. 43, E-25520 El Port de Suert (Lleida), Spain; EM: casimiro@svt.es)---Gypaetus barbatus. {B712; extra-pair copulations, nesting sites, paternity assurance} {ROL #79}

{B312} Blanchard, L., & R. D. Morris. 1998. Another look at courtship feeding and copulation behavior in the Common Tern. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 251--255. (Dept. Biol., McMaster Univ., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Can., EM: rmorris@spartan.ac.brocku.ca)---Sterna hirundo mounts and copulations at time of egg laying not predictable from single or strings of courtship feedings.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B312} Catusse, M. 1998. Release factors of breeding activities in Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) hens. Ethology 104: 407--420. (Off. Natl. Chasse, 8 impasse champ fila, 38320 Eybens, France, EM: m.catusse@onc.gouv.fr)---Photoperiod and activity of hens unrelated but activity and receptivity to males, as well as interactions among males affected by interactions between sexes.---R.B.C. {B702} {ROL #79}

{B312} Groves, F. H. 1998. Inedible objects offered during courtship feeding by Black Skimmers. Florida Field Nat. 26: 127. (Northeast Louisiana Univ., Monroe, LA 71209, USA.)---Rynchops niger occasionally offer small sticks or shell to females. Females offered these items, discard them but allow males to copulate.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B312} Hunter, F. M., & I. L. Jones. 1999. The frequency and function of aquatic courtship and copulation in Least, Crested, Whiskered, and Parakeet auklets. Condor 101: 518--528. (Dept. Zool., Downing St., Univ. Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK; EM: f.m.hunter@zoo.cam.ac.uk)---Aethia pusilla, Aethia cristatella, Aethia pygmaea, Cyclorrhynchus psittacula. {Alcidae, sexual selection, sperm competition} {ROL #79}

{B312} McNair, D. B. 1991. Copulation in the Mangrove Cuckoo (Coccyzus minor). Florida Field Nat. 19: 84--85. (303 Robinson St., Rockingham, NC 28379, USA.) {ROL #79}

{B312} Piersma, T., & J. Jukema. 1993. Red-breasts as honest signals of migratory quality in a long-distance migrant, the Bar-tailed Godwit. Condor 95: 163--177. (Netherlands Inst. Sea Res., PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands; EM: theunis@nioz.nl.)---Limosa lapponica that molt into breeding plumage on their Dutch Wadden Sea staging grounds are thought to have better nutrient reserves and to signal their superior condition to potential mates.---R.B.C. {E114, E118} {ROL #79}

{B312} West, M. J., A. P. King, & T. M. Freeberg. 1998. Dual signaling during mating in Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater; Family Emberizidae/Icterinae). Ethology 104: 250--267. (Dept. Psychol., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; EM: mewest@indiana.edu)---Females distinguish local males by their songs; rate of flight whistling related to courtship success of males.---R.B.C. {B320} {ROL #79}

{B314} Matthysen, E. 1990. Nonbreeding social organization in Parus. Curr. Ornithol. 7: 20--249. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.)---Comparative analysis of 3 types of social organization (pair-territorial, group-territorial and flocking) of tits, titmice and chickadees.---S.N.L. {ROL #79}

{B314} Matthysen, E. 1993. Nonbreeding social organization in migratory and resident birds. Curr. Ornithol. 11: 93--141. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.)---Describes general patterns and differences between the two groups, suggests long-term benefits, and presents hypotheses on how cross-seasonal interactions may influence social organization---S.N.L. {ROL #79}

{B314} Merkel, F. R., N. K. Nielsen, & B. Olsen. 1998. Clumped arrivals at an Atlantic Puffin colony. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 261--267. (Greenland Inst. Nat. Resour., PO Box 570, DK-3900, Nuuk, Greenland; EM: merkel@natur.gl)---Group arrivals by Fratercula arctica on the Faroe Islands may reduce kleptoparasitism and predation on arriving birds.---R.B.C. {D308} {ROL #79}

{B314} Pius, S. M., & P. L. Leberg. 1998. The protector species hypothesis: Do Black Skimmers find refuge from predators in Gull-billed Tern colonies? Ethology 104: 273--284. (PLL: Dept. Biol., Univ. Southeast Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; EM: PLL6734@usl.edu)---Uncertain whether Rynchops niger uses Sterna nilotica colonies for such purposes.---R.B.C. {B706, C916} {ROL #79}

{B314} Siegel-Causey, D., & S. P. Kharitonov. 1990. The evolution of coloniality. Curr. Ornithol. 7: 28--330. (Mus. Nat. Hist. & Dept. Syst. Ecol., Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.)---Proposes a model that predicts the conditions that may result in a transition from solitary nesting to coloniality---S.N.L. {B706} {ROL #79}

{B316} Atkinson, E. C. 1993. Winter territories and night roosts of Northern Shrikes in Idaho. Condor 95: 515--527. (Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Assoc., 1700 Hawk Mountain Rd., Kempton, PA 19529-9449, USA; EM: atkinson@hawkmountain.org)---Lanius excubitor territories averaged 216 ha (n=12) with ca. 50 ha core range; ca. half (n: 9) hunted significantly more than expected in mesic areas than grasslands, others the reverse. Ten night roosts were all in deciduous shrubs with many small stems.---R.B.C. {C926} {ROL #79}

{B316} Dearborn, D. C. 1998. Interspecific territoriality by a Rufous-tailed Hummingbird (Amazilia tzacatl): effect of intruder size and resource value. Biotropica 30: 306--313. (Div. Biol. Sci., 105 Tucker Hall, Univ. Missouri, Colombia, MO 65211, USA.) {ROL #79}

{B316} Slabbekoorn, H., & C. Ten Kate. 1999. Collared Dove responses to playback: Slaves to the rhythm. Ethology 105: 377--392. (Inst. Evol. Ecol. Sci., Behav. Biol. Group, Leiden Univ., PO Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands; EM: Slabbekoorn@RULSFB.LeidenUniv.NL.)---For Streptopelia decaocto, first element of three-element coo is important in eliciting a territorial response, and the rhythm is also important for eliciting responses.---R.B.C. {B320} {ROL #79}

{B316} Sodhi, N. S. 1993. Correlates of hunting range size in breeding Merlins. Condor 95: 316--321. (Sch. Biol. Sci., Natl. Univ. Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Rd., Singapore 119260, Singapore; EM: dbsns@nus.edu.sg)---Hunting range for both sexes of Falco columbarius in Saskatchewan negatively correlated with one or more measures of prey abundance, but not significantly correlated with season, clutch/brood size, or intruder density.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B318} Denny, M. 1996. Common Poorwill nest behavior near Fields, Harney County, Oregon. Oregon Birds 22: 15. (323 Scenic View Dr., College Place, WA 99324, USA.)---Phalaenoptilus nuttallii distraction display.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B318} Justice, M. J., & T. C. Justice. 1998. Variation and sexual dimorphism of the size of Northern Mockingbirds’ white wing patches. Chat 62: 1--11. (Dept. Sci. & Math., Chowan Col., Murfreesboro, NC 27855, USA.)---Mimus polyglottos has well-developed intersexual visual signals.---E.F.P. {ROL #79}

{B318} Kennedy, E., & I. McTaggert-Cowan. 1998. Sixteen years with a Bald Eagle's, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, nest. Can. Field-Nat. 112: 704--706. (#101 1440 Beach Dr., Victoria, BC V8N 1S7, Can.) {B700} {ROL #79}

{B318} Wolfenbarger, L. L. 1999. Is red coloration of male Northern Cardinals beneficial during the nonbreeding season?: A test of status signaling. Condor 101: 655--663. (Univ. Maryland, Dept. Biol., College Park, MD 20742, USA; EM: lw137@umail.umd.edu)---Cardinalis cardinalis {competition, dominance, sexual dimorphism} {ROL #79}

{B320} Ammer, F. K., & M. S. Capp. 1999. Song versatility and social context in the Bobolink. Condor 101: 686--688. (Dept. Biol., Clarion Univ. Pennsylvania, Clarion, PA 16214, USA; EM: s_fammer@mail.clarion.edu)---Dolichonyx oryzivorus. {mate choice, repertoire, sexual selection} {ROL #79}

{B320} Baker, M. C. 1993. Evidence of intraspecific vocal imitation in singing honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) and Golden Whistlers (Pachycephalidae). Condor 95: 1044--1048. (Biol. Dept., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; EM: mcbaker@lamar.colostate.edu)---Song matching in 14 of 25 neighboring Meliphaga virescens and in 4 of 7 Pachycephala pectoralis in Australia.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B320} Budde, P. 1998. Song mimicry in Clay-colored and Chipping sparrows. Loon 70: 246. (4612 Colfax Ave. S, Minneapolis, MN 55409, USA.)---Spizella pallida, Spizella passerina. {ROL #79}

{B320} Casey, R. M., & M. C. Baker. 1993. Social tutoring of adult male White-crowned Sparrows. Condor 95: 718--723. (Computing Serv., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287-0101, USA.)---Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli general structure of adult songs unchanged by tutoring.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B320} Collins, S. A., & A. R. Goldsmith. 1998. Individual and species differences in Quail calls (Coturnix c. japonica, C. c. coturnix) and a hybrid. Ethology 104: 997--990. (Sect. Ethol., Leiden Univ., PO Box 9516, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands.)---Time structure of Coturnix coturnix calls discriminated best among individuals and between subspecies and hybrids with the latter having the widest range of vocalizations. Each race responded strongest to playbacks of its own race, intermediate to hybrids, least to other subspecies.---R.B.C. {D108} {ROL #79}

{B320} Cucco, M., & G. Malacarne. 1999. Is the song of Black Redstart males an honest signal of status? Condor 101: 689--694. (Dept. Sci. & Advanced Technol., Univ. Torino, via Cavour 84, 15100 Alessandria, Italy; EM: cucco@mfn.al.unipmn.it)---Phoenicurus ochruros. {B314; age difference, delayed maturation, vocalizations} {ROL #79}

{B320} Dufty, A. M., Jr., & A. Hanson. 1999. Vocal and behavioral responses of Brown-headed Cowbirds to flight whistles from different dialects. Condor 101: 484--492. (Dept. Biol., Boise State Univ., Boise, ID 83725, USA; EM: adufty@bsumail.idbsu.edu)---Response of male Molothrus ater to playbacks of local, near-foreign, and distant-foreign dialects.---S.N.L. {countersinging, vocalizations} {ROL #79}

{B320} Enriquez, P. L., & J. L. Rangel Salazar. 1997. Intra- and interspecific calling in a tropical owl community. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 525--532. (Col. Frontera Sur, Apdo. 63, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas 29290, México.)---Otus guatemalae, Lophostrix cristata, Ciccaba virgata, Pulsatrix perspicillata. Variable response rates in Costa Rica.---J.M.S. {ROL #79}

{B320} Farquhar, C. C. 1993. Individual and intersexual variation in alarm calls of the White-tailed Hawk. Condor 95: 234--239. (Endangered Resour. Br., Texas Parks & Wildl. Dept., 3000 S-IH 35, Ste. 100, Austin, TX 78704, USA; EM: craig.farquahar@tpwd.state.tx.us)---Buteo albicaudatus in Texas.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B320} Green, G. 1999. Noisy buff-bellied hummers. Texas Birds 1(1): 21--23. (Author deceased.)---Vocalization of Amazilia yucatanensis.---J.B.O. {ROL #79}

{B320} Hall, J. A. 1998. Vocal repertoire of Forster's Tern. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 388--405. (Nature Conservancy, PO Box 52452, Fort Benning, GA 31995, USA; EM: john_hall@tnc.org)---Describes adult and chick/fledgling calls of Sterna forsteri.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B320} Harbison, H., D. A. Nelson, & T. P. Hahn. 1999. Long-term persistence of song dialects in the Mountain White-crowned Sparrow. Condor 101: 133--148. (Dept. Ecol. & Evol. Biol., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; EM: heidih@alaska.net)---26-yr study of Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha song found that evolution of song in smaller populations occupying structurally fragmented habitats proceeds more rapidly than in larger populations occupying large contiguous habitat patches.---S.N.L. {cultural evolution, population size} {ROL #79}

{B320} Hughes, M., S. Nowicki, & B. Lohr. 1998. Call learning in Black-capped Chickadees (Parus atricapillus): the role of experience in the development of `chick-a-dee' calls. Ethology 104: 232--249. (Nowicki: Dept. Zool., Duke Univ., Box 90325, Durham, NC 27708-0325, USA; EM: snowicki@acpub.duke.edu)---Birds raised under different degrees of social and acoustic isolation all performed the "A" component of call within normal range for wild birds but "B" and "C" components more dependent on experience. This suggests that learning may play different role in components within one vocalization.---R.B.C. {B304} {ROL #79}

{B320} Kuntz, W. A., & P. B. Stacey. 1997. Preliminary investigation of vocal variation in the Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis lucida): Would vocal analysis of the four-note location call be a useful field tool for individual identification? U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 561--568. (Dept. Environ. Resour. Sci. & Prog. Ecol., Evol. Conserv. Biol., Univ. Nevada, Reno, NV 89512, USA.)---Probably not. Some individual variation overlaps other individuals.---J.M.S. {E510} {ROL #79}

{B320} Langmore, N. E. 1999. Song tutor choice in polyandrous Dunnocks. Ethology 105: 125--136. (Zool. Dept., Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK; EM: nel10@hermes.cam.ac.uk)---Yearling Prunella modularis most likely to learn from adult males more aggressive towards them. Because of high incidence of repertorial overlap (76%) between neighboring males, yearlings advantageously may learn a few songs of every neighbor.---R.B.C. {B304} {ROL #79}

{B320} Lucas, J. R., A. Schraeder, & C. Jackson. 1999. Carolina Chickadee (Aves, Paridae, Poecile carolinensis) vocalization rates: Effects of body mass and food availability under aviary conditions. Ethology 105: 503--520. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; EM: jlucas@bilbo.bio.purdue.edu)---Non-song vocalization rates are significantly negatively correlated with body mass, and the effect of mass is greatest in days when food is relatively abundant. Such vocalizations more important than song for energetically stressed birds.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B320} Marshall, J. T. 1999. Sounds produced by Anna's Hummingbird. Pp. 66--71 in J. T. Marshall, Ornithological tracts on taxonomy and distribution. 91 pp. Priv. publ., Springfield, VA. (PO Box 30890, Alexandria, VA 22310, USA; EM: jtmvz@juno.com)---Sonographic analysis of tape recordings of Calypte anna.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B320} Mota, P. G. 1999. The functions of song in the Serin. Ethology 105: 137--148. (Dept. Antropol., Univ. Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal; EM: pgmota@ci.uc.pt)---Song in Serinus serinus peaks with nest-building suggesting song may stimulate female to build or begin rapid deposition of yolk; song flight thought to discourage competition from other males.---R.B.C. {B702} {ROL #79}

{B320} Small, P. E., & B. W. Emanuel. 1996. Summer singing of a Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus vociferus) in Florida. Florida Field Nat. 24: 46--47. (Florida Dept. Environ. Prot., Wekiva Basin GEOpark, Apopka, FL 32712, USA.) {ROL #79}

{B320} Thompson, A. D., Jr., & M. C. Baker. 1993. Song dialect recognition by male White-crowned Sparrows: Effects of manipulated song components. Condor 95: 414--421. (MCB: Biol. Dept., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; EM: mcbaker@lamar.colostate.edu)---Captive Zonotrichia leucophrys responded most strongly to songs local to their origin and to constructed "hybrid" songs with similar introductory components, less strongly when other parts of local songs were used.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B320} Trainer, J. M., & D. B. McDonald. 1993. Vocal repertoire of the Long-tailed Manakin and its relation to male-male cooperation. Condor 95: 769--781. (Dept. Biol., Univ. North. Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA.)---Chiroxiphia linearis in Costa Rica has at least 13 distinct vocalizations, many of which function to mediate cooperative interactions.---R.B.C. {B314} {ROL #79}

{B320} Tubaro, P. L., E. T. Segura, & P. Handford. 1993. Geographic variation in the song of the Rufous-colored Sparrow in eastern Argentina. Condor 95: 588--595. (Lab. Fisiol. del Comport., Inst. Biol. Med. Exp., Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.)---Talar and steppe dialects of Zonotrichia capensis integrate clinally following vegetation ecotone; dialect changes evidently related to habitat modification.---R.B.C.{D108} {ROL #79}

{B320} Van Pelt, T. I., & J. F. Piatt. 1999. Vocalizations of the Kittlitz’s Murrelet. Condor 101: 395--398. (Alaska Biol. Sci. Ctr., U.S. Geol. Survey, 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503, USA; EM: thomas_van_pelt@usgs.gov)---Brachyramphus brevirostris. {Alcidae, calls, communication} {ROL #79}

{B500} Wood, P. B. 1999. Bald Eagle response to boating activity in northcentral Florida. J. Raptor Res. 33: 97--101. (West Virginia Coop. Fish & Wildl. Unit, USGS/BRD, WV Univ. Div. For., Morgantown, WV 26506-6125, USA.)---Haliaeetus leucocephalus.---P.A.G. {B908} {ROL #79}

{B502} Buckley, P. A., & M. McCarthy. 1994. Insects, vegetation, and the control of Laughing Gulls (Larus atricilla) at Kennedy International Airport, New York. J. Appl. Ecol. 31: 291--302. (EM: pabuckley@gsosunl.gso.uri.edu) {ROL #79}

{B502} Cooper, B. A., & R. H. Day. 1998. Summer behavior and mortality of Dark-rumped Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters at power lines on Kauai. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 11--19. (ABR, Inc., PO Box 249, Forest Grove, OR 97116-0249, USA; EM: abroregon@aol.com)---Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis and Puffinus auricularis newelli flew closer to lines in morning than in evening with ca. 5% of each species reacting thereto; 20% of newelli striking lines were adults, the rest subadult nonbreeders.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B502} Kaplan, J. 1998. Like moths to a flame. Connecticut Warbler 18: 36. (No address given.)---Junco hyemalis non-fatal collision at night with glass window in Connecticut when no moon in the sky.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B502} McNair, D. B. 1998. Sandwich Tern mortality caused by vehicle collision associated with Hurricane Erin. Florida Field Nat. 26: 97--99. (Tall Timbers Res. Stn., Box 678, Tallahassee, FL 32312, USA.)---High winds cause unusual concentration of Sterna sandvicensis in Apalachicola Bay, Franklin County, FL. Birds killed on causeways crossing the bay.---R.Bow. {C906, C912} {ROL #79}

{B502} Osborn, R. G., et al. 1998. Bird flight characteristics near wind turbines in Minnesota. Am. Midl. Nat. 139: 29--38. (Dept. Wildl. Fish. Sci., South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, SD 57007, USA.)---Agelaius phoeniceus, Anas platyrhynchos, Quiscalus quiscula, Hirundo rustica. Most birds (82--84%) flew above or below turbine blades.---V.L.A. {ROL #79}

{B502} Podolsky, R., et. al. 1998. Mortality of Newell's Shearwaters caused by collisions with urban structures on Kauai. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 20--34. (Avian Systems, 95 Magnolia Ave., Tenafly, NJ 07607, USA; EM: RichardP@worldnet.att.net)---Average of 70 breeding adult and 280 subadult Puffinus auricularis newelli killed in summer, 340 fledglings killed in autumn each year by collisions with power lines on eastern and southern Kauai.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B504} Conover, M. 1998. Perceptions of American agricultural producers about wildlife on their farms and ranches. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 26: 597--604. (Berryman Inst. & Dept. Fish. Wildl., Utah State Univ., Logan, UT 84322-5210, USA.)---Agelaius phoeniceus, Grus canadensis, Sturnus vulgaris. {ROL #79}

{B504} Master, T. 1995. A summary of ecological and behavioral characteristics of Pennsylvania's piscivorous birds in relation to attraction to aquaculture/hatchery facilities. PA Birds 9: 11--13. (No address given.)---A variety of mitigation methods were recommended as alternatives to eliminate shooting as a control tactic at fish farms plundered by birds.---P.D.H. {B912, D302, D306; herons, egrets, night-herons} {ROL #79}

{B504} Mott, D. F., et al. 1998. An evaluation of winter roost harassment for dispersing Double-crested Cormorants away from catfish production areas in Mississippi. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 26: 584--591. (USDA, Wildl. Serv. Prog., Natl. Wildl. Res. Ctr., P.O. Drawer 6099, Miss. State, MS 39762-6099, USA.)---Harassment of Phalacrocorax auritus at night roost sites appeared to reduce their numbers in catfish ponds located within the disturbance area.---W.P.J. {E520} {ROL #79}

{B508} Braun, C. E. 1993. White-tailed Ptarmigan habitat investigations in northeast Oregon. Oregon Birds 19: 72--73. (Colorado Div. Wildl., Wildl. Res. Cent., 317 West Prospect Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.)---Recommendations for re-establishing Lagopus leucurus in the Wallowa Mountains.---R.B.C. {B912} {ROL #79}

{B508} Conroy, M. J., & D. G. Krementz. 1990. A review of the evidence for the effects of hunting on American Black Duck populations. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 55: 501--517. (EM: David_Krementz@usgs.gov)---Anas rubripes. {ROL #79}

{B508} Eskowich, K., et al. 1998. Preference and use of nest baskets and nest tunnels by Mallards in the parkland of Saskatchewan. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 26: 881--885. (Ducks Unlimited Canada, Box 2139, Melfort, SK S0E 1A0, Can.)---Nesting Anas platyrhynchos prefer cylindrical-tunnel structures over basket structures.---W.P.J. {ROL #79}

{B508} Jensen, T., et al. 1995. Use of Wood Duck boxes by swarming honey bees in California's central valley. Calif. Fish. Game 81: 167--169. (Dept. Wildl. Fish. Conserv. Biol., Univ. California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.)---Bee activity evidently an important factor in duck nesting success there. Apis mellifera swarmed into 23 of 27 boxes used by Aix sponsa; only 4 swarms used the 76 unused boxes and none were found in 82 boxes used by owls or starlings.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B508} Johnson, F. A., et al. 1993. Developing an adaptive management strategy for harvesting waterfowl in North America. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 58: 565--583. (EM: Fred_A_Johnson@usgs.gov) {ROL #79}

{B508} Parker, G. R. 1998. Dispersal and mortality of juvenile American Black Ducks, Anas rubripes, on wetlands under different management strategies. Can. Field-Nat. 112: 586--595. (Can. Wildl. Serv., P.O. Box 6227, 17 Waterfowl Ln., Sackville, NB E4L 1G6, Can.) {C900} {ROL #79}

{B508} Sole, J. D. 1995. Changes in vegetation and Bobwhite Quail and eastern cottontail use in a converted fescue field. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 56(1/2): 1--8. (Upland Game Progr., Dept. Fish Wildl. Resour., Frankfort, KY 40601, USA.)---Converted habitat at Kleber WMA, Kentucky, more valuable for Colinus virginianus and rabbit.---R.B.C. {C908} {ROL #79}

{B509} Male, T. D., & T. J. Snetsinger. 1998. Has the Red-billed Leiothrix disappeared from Kaua'i? Elepaio 58: 39--43. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; EM: tmale@zoogate.zoo.hawaii.edu)---Introduced Leiothrix lutea presumably gone since 1974; none found in >4000 hours of field work 1992--1997.---R.B.C. {C324, C914} {ROL #79}

{B509} McChesney, G. J., & B. R. Tershy. 1998. History and status of introduced mammals and impacts to breeding seabirds on the California Channel and northwestern Baja California islands. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 335--347. (USGS/BRD, West. Ecol. Res. Cent., 6924 Tremont Rd., Dixon, CA 95620, USA; EM: Gerry_McChesney@usgs.gov)---Introduced cats (Felis) have caused the most damage, reducing or eliminating some colonies of endemic Black-vented Shearwater, Puffinus opisthomelas, and Xantus' Murrelet, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus; surveys needed particularly in northern Baja to determine current status of birds.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B509} Raffaele, H. A., & C. B. Kepler. 1992. Earliest records of the recently introduced avifauna of Puerto Rico. Ornithol. Caribena 3: 20--29. (USFWS, Washington, DC 20240, USA.) {ROL #79}

{B510} Mikkola, H. 1997. World distribution of owlaholics. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 583. (Private Mail Bag Nr. 10, Banjul, The Gambia, West Africa.)---People who collect anything with owls on the object are mostly in U.S., Europe and Australia.---J.M.S. {ROL #79}

{B700} Andrusiak, L. A., & K. M. Cheng. 1997. Breeding biology of the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in the lower mainland of British Columbia. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 38--46. (Keystone Wildl. Res., 1480 Foster St. #52, White Rock, BC V4B 3X7, Can.)---Study at northern limit of species range in N. Am.---J.M.S. {ROL #79}

{B700} Butcher, S., B. Dean, & N. Rodgers. 1996. Observations during the breeding season of the Common Snipe in Lawrence and Mercer counties of western Pennsylvania. PA Birds 10: 42--44. (SB: 11 Norwick Dr., Youngstown, OH 44505, USA.)---Flight displays and other activities from 17 April to 27 June 1996 indicated possible breeding by Gallinago gallinago, but nesting was not confirmed. The locations are south of the species' previous known breeding limits.---P.D.H. {C318} {ROL #79}

{B700} Flint, P. L., & M. P. Herzog. 1999. Breeding of Steller's Eiders, Polysticta stelleri, on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Can. Field-Nat. 113: 306--308. (Alaska Biol. Sci. Ctr., 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503, USA.) {B904} {ROL #79}

{B700} Gretch, M., J.-C. Deobil, & A. Deobil. 1999. Nesting of Osprey at Webb Royce Swamp, Essex County, New York. Kingbird 49: 22--26. (PO Box 392, Elizabethtown, NY 12932, USA.)---Nesting chronology and behavior at nest by Pandion haliaetus.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B700} Nunes, M., & L. Vicente. 1998. Breeding cycle and nestling growth of Bulwer's Petrel on the Desertas Islands, Portugal. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 198--204. (CBA/Dept. Zool. Antropol., Fac. Ciencias, Univ. Lisboa, C2 Campo Grande, P-1700 Lisboa, Portugal, EM: mop32660@mail.telepac.pt)---Bulweria bulwerii breeding period and success similar to those in

other colonies; parental performance important in hatching success; pre-laying exodus averages 28 days; long incubation stints suggest food scanty near the Desertas.---R.B.C. {B720} {ROL #79}

{B700} Post, W. 1998. Reproduction of Least Bitterns in a managed wetland. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 268--273. (Charleston Mus., 360 Meeting St., Charleston, SC 29403, USA; EM: grackler@aol.com)---Ixobrychus exilis in impounded marsh in South Carolina 1985--1991; includes data on nest-sites, mortality, nesting chronology, clutch size (mean= 3.8), nesting success.---R.B.C. (C912, C918} {ROL #79}

{B700} Toland, B. 1991. Successful nesting by Reddish Egrets at Oslo Island, Indian River County, Florida. Florida Field Nat. 19: 51--53. (Florida Game & Fresh Water Fish Comm., 110 43rd Ave. SW, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA.)---Egretta rufescens. {ROL #79}

{B700} Wilhelm, G. 1994. Breeding Dickcissel behavior---Lawrence County [Pennsylvania]. PA Birds 8: 139--140. (513 Kelly Blvd., Slippery Rock, PA 16057, USA.)---3 nesting colonies of Spiza americana out of the species' usual recent range were studied between 17--30 July 1994 during an invasion eastward.---P.D.H. {C318} {ROL #79}

{B700} Winton, B. R., & D. M. Leslie, Jr. 1997. Breeding ecology of American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana) in north-central Oklahoma. Bull. Oklahoma Ornithol. Soc. 30: 25--32. (USFWS, Lower Rio Grande NWR, Rt. 2, Box 202-A, Alamo, TX 78516, USA.)---Nesting chronology, habitat, success, mortality, and clutch size at Salt Plains NWR, Alfalfa County, 1995--1996.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B702} Arnold, T. W. 1993. Factors affecting renesting in American Coots. Condor 95: 273--281. (Dept. Wildl., Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA 95521, USA; EM: twal@axe.humboldt.edu)---Fulica americana renested for 68% of 281 clutches destroyed 1987--1991 in southern Manitoba and apparently were limited by time or habitat quality but not by amount of food or reserves available for egg production. Renesting intervals following clutch loss during laying and incubation averaged 2.1 ± 1.8 (n=127) and 6.4 ± 1.1 (n=28) days, respectively.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B702} Balz, M. E. 1997. Observations of Roseate Spoonbills and evidence of breeding on North Andros Island, Bahamas. Florida Field Nat. 25: 98--100. (Div. Biol. Sci., Univ. Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.)---Circumstantial evidence of summer breeding in 1996 by sub-adult Ajaia ajaja.---R.Bow. {C312} {ROL #79}

{B702} Bannor, B. K. 1995. Continuous breeding by American Coots in Dade County, Florida. Florida Field Nat. 23: 87--92. (Miami Metrozoo, Miami, FL 33177, USA.)---Free-ranging Fulica americana in zoological park hatched 6 broods between Jan and Nov.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B702} Bedell, P. 1999. Late-winter nesting attempt by an American Robin. Raven 70: 24--25. (10120 Silverleaf Terr., Richmond, VA 23236, USA; EM: pbedell@saturn.vcu.edu)---Dead nestling and unhatched egg of Turdus migratorius 20 Feb 1998 in Richmond, Virginia; size and physical development of hatchling suggest egg-laying began about 31 Jan.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B702} Brown, C. R., & M. B. Brown. 1999. Fitness components associated with laying date in the Cliff Swallow. Condor 101: 230--245. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. Tulsa, 600 S. College Ave., Tulsa, OK 74104-3189, USA; EM: charles-brown@utulsa.edu)---Petrochelidon pyrrhonota. {ectoparasitism, Oeciacus vicarius, reproductive success, survival} {ROL #79}

{B702} LeBlanc, T. P. 1999. A late nesting Veery found in Allegany State Park, NY. Kingbird 49: 30. (PO Box 254, Salamanca, NY 14779, USA; EM: LeBlancT@aol.com)---Catharus fuscescens nest with 3 eggs 27 Jun--6 Jul 1998 is 11 days later than any listed in The Atlas of Breeding Birds in New York State.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B702} McGaha, H. R. 1998. Late nesting date for the Carolina Wren in Oklahoma. Bull. Oklahoma Ornithol. Soc. 31: 8. (Rt. 1, Box 188, Macomb, OK 74852, USA.)---Thryothorus ludovicianus near Macomb, on 5 eggs, 18 Aug 1997, hatching 21 Aug, fledging 2 Sep is later by 32 days than previous latest nesting date.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B702} McNair, D. B. 1996. Late breeding records of a Red-headed Woodpecker and a Summer Tanager in Florida. Florida Field Nat. 24: 78--80. (Tall Timbers Res. Stn., Box 678, Tallahassee, FL 32312, USA.)---Melanerpes erythrocephalus fledged young 1 October, ca. 10 d later than previous late date; Piranga rubra incubating eggs as late as 24 Jul, ca. 6 wk later than previous late date.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B702} Post, W. 1996. Late autumnal breeding by Killdeer. Florida Field Nat. 24: 109. (Charleston Mus., 360 Meeting St., Charleston, SC 29403, USA.)---Charadrius vociferus with young 1--2 da old on 13 Nov, almost 3 months later than previous late date for Florida.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B702} Schillaci, J. M., & R. J. Smith. 1994. Red-cockaded Woodpeckers in northwestern Florida produce a second clutch. Florida Field Nat. 22: 112--113. (Dept. Wildl. Range Sci., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.)---Picoides borealis. {ROL #79}

{B702} Vilina, Y. A. 1998. Breeding observations of the Peruvian Tern in Chile. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 101--103. (Dept. Biol. Cel. Gen., Fac. Medicina, Univ. Chile, Casilla 70061-7, Santiago, Chile; EM: yerko.vilina@geotecnica.cl)---40--50 Sterna lorata pairs near Mejillones; asynchronous breeding among terns, one killed by Caracara cheriway.---R.B.C. {C914, C912} {ROL #79}

{B704} Choudhury, S., et al. 1993. Adoption of young and intraspecific nest parasitism in Barnacle Geese. Condor 95: 860--868. (Wildfowl Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, GL2 7BT, UK.)---Adoptions of Branta leucopsis goslings accounted for 5.8% and 24.6% of goslings hatched in two years with goslings as old as 4--12 weeks being adopted; one case of intraspecific nest parasitism found.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B704} Clotfelter, E. D., & K. Yasukawa. 1999. Impact of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds on Red-winged Blackbird reproductive success. Condor 101: 105--114. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; EM: ecltfltr@macc.wisc.edu)---Examines brood parasitism by Molothrus ater on a prairie population of Agelaius phoeniceus from 1984--1997.---S.N.L. {C918; clutch size, fledgling production, nest abandonment, nest success} {ROL #79}

{B704} Curson, D. R., C. B. Goguen, & N. E. Mathews. 1998. Western Wood-Pewees accept cowbird eggs. Great Basin Nat. 58: 90--91. (Dept. Wildl. Ecol., Univ. Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.)---Experimentally added Molothrus ater eggs accepted in 8 of 10 Contopus sordidulus nests in northeastern New Mexico; 16 of 101 unmanipulated nests contained cowbird eggs.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B704} Davis, J. A. 1998. Intraspecific brood parasitism in Purple Martins. Bull. Oklahoma Ornithol. Soc. 31: 29--33. (Box 21010, Nairobi, Kenya.)---Occurred in 3.6% of 394 nesting attempts by Progne subis in northeast Oklahoma, inferred from presence of two eggs in 24 hour period, suggests pronounced regional differences in such parasitism.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B704} Dillingham, C. 1994. Incident of House Wren dump nest. Oregon Birds 20: 87. (437 Azalea Park Rd., Brookings, OR 97415, USA.)---Troglodytes aedon nest with 12 eggs at Long Ridge, Curry County, Oregon.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B704} Harber, M. E. 1998. Tree Swallows raise Brown-headed Cowbird nestling. Kingbird 48: 103--107. (Sect. Neurobiol. Behav., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, USA.)---Tachycineta bicolor nest into which hatchling of Molothrus ater was placed apparently fledged, but there was apparently no post-fledging care, the adult Tree Swallows continuing to feed their own young.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B704} Messerly, E. H. 1998. Carolina Wren feeds fledgling Brown-headed Cowbird. Bull. Oklahoma Ornithol. Soc. 31: 34. (344 S.E. Elmhurst, Bartlesville, OK 74006, USA.)---Thryothorus ludovicianus and Molothrus ater, 1 Jun 1998 at Bartlesville, Oklahoma.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B704} Ortega, J. C., C. P. Ortega, & A. Cruz. 1993. Does Brown-headed Cowbird egg coloration influence Red-winged Blackbird responses towards nest contents? Condor 95: 217--219. (Dept. Biol., Fort Lewis Coll., Durango, CO 81301-3999, USA; EM: ortega_j@fortlewis.edu)---Objects mimicking Molothrus ater egg color not rejected by Agelaius phoeniceus; role of tactile stimuli if egg rejected needs further exploration.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B704} Rothstein, S. I. 1993. An experimental test of the Hamilton-Orians hypothesis for the origin of avian brood parasitism. Condor 95: 1000--1005. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. Calif., Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; EM: rothstei@lifesci.ucsb.edu)---Agelaius phoeniceus females whose nests were removed after the first egg was laid did not lay subsequent eggs in other females’ nests but fresh eggs sometimes found at site of removed nest, thus initial response of hypothesis absent in this species.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B704} Rukavina, J. 1998. Cowbird flushes tanager from nest. Loon 70: 120. (7531 Brighton St., Duluth, MN 55804, USA.)---Female Molothrus ater hit and flushed female Piranga olivacea from nest; later fledged 2 cowbirds and 1 tanager.---D.L.E. {ROL #79}

{B706} Breckinridge, W. J. 1998. Unusual nesting of House Finches. Loon 70: 123. (5800 St. Croix Ave. N, Apt. 511, Minneapolis, MN 55422, USA.)---3 pairs of Carpodacus mexicanus fledged young in a 15 inch circular basket. Nest 2 abutted nest 1 and eggs were laid when brood 1 was about to fledge. Nest 3 was on opposite side of basket and eggs laid when brood 2 was about to fledge.---D.L.E. {ROL #79}

{B706} Brunton, D. 1999. "Optimal" colony size for Least Terns: An intercolony study of opposing selective pressures. Condor 101: 607--615. (Ecol., Evol., & Biostatistics, Sch. of Biol. Sci., Univ. Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, NZ; EM: d.brunton@auckland.ac.nz)---Breeding success and causes of nesting failure for Sterna antillarum in 11 colonies in Connecticut, USA.---S.N.L. {Nycticorax nycticorax, Larus argentatus, Corvus brachyrhynchos, nesting density, nesting synchrony, predation} {ROL #79}

{B706} Lott, D. F., & S. N. A. Mastrup. 1999. Facultative communal brood rearing in California Quail. Condor 101: 678--681. (Dept. Wildl., Fish, and Conserv. Biol., Univ. California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; EM: dflott@ucdavis.edu)---Callipepla californica. {fitness} {ROL #79}

{B708} Blanco, G., P. Yorio, & M. Bertellotti. 1999. Effects of research activity on hatching success in a colony of South American Terns. Waterbirds 22: 148--150. (Dept. Biol. Anim., Univ. Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; EM: bnjps@bioani.alcala.es)---Hatching success and daily nest survival rates in colonies of Sterna hirundinacea did not differ between visited and unvisited nests at Chubut, Argentina.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B708} Cairns, D. K., R. L. Dibblee, & P.-Y. Daoust. 1998. Displacement of a large Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, colony following human disturbance. Can. Field-Nat. 112: 520--522. (Dept. Fish. Oceans, Box 1236, Charlottetown, PE C1A 7M8, Can.; EM: cairnsd@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca) {ROL #79}

{B708} Carney, K. M., & W. J. Sydeman. 1999. A review of human disturbance effects on nesting colonial waterbirds. Waterbirds 22: 68--79. (Point Reyes Bird Obs., 4900 Shoreline Hwy., Stinson Beach, CA 94970, USA; EM: kcarney@pangea.stanford.edu)---Review of 64 publications with guidelines for minimizing disturbance.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B708} DeMauro, M. M. 1993. Colonial nesting bird responses to visitor use at Lake Renwick Heron Rookery, Illinois. Nat. Areas J. 13: 4--9. (For. Preserve Dist. Will Co., 22606 S. Cherry Hill Rd., Joliet, IL 60433, USA.)---Observation stations more than 220 meters from rookery islands provided adequate buffer zone, but birds still agitated by activities unrelated to visitor use. Ardea herodias, Bubulcus ibis, Casmerodius albus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Phalacrocorax auritus.---E.C.K. {ROL #79}

{B708} Gutzwiller, K. J., & S. H. Anderson. 1999. Spatial extent of human-intrusion effects on subalpine bird distributions. Condor 101: 378--389. (Dept. Biol. & Dept. Environ. Stud., Baylor Univ., Waco, TX 76798, USA; EM: kevin_gutzwiller@baylor.edu)---Abundance of Mountain Chickadee (Poecile gambeli), American robin (Turdus migratorius), and Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus) found to be lower within intruded sites.---S.N.L. {C318; bird disturbance, Wyoming} {ROL #79}

{B708} Mallory, M. L., & P. J. Weatherhead. 1993. Observer effects on Common Goldeneye nest defense. Condor 95: 467--469. (Can. Wildl. Serv., 49 Camelot Dr., Nepean, ON K1A 0H3, Can.)---Bucephala clangula defend nests increasingly as incubation proceeds; behavior varies widely among individuals, but similar for all females during the last six days of incubation; effects of observer seem inconclusive.---R.B.C. {B718} {ROL #79}

{B708} Sproat, T. M., & G. Ritchison. 1993. The nest defense behavior of Eastern Screech Owls: effects of nest stage, sex, nest type and predator location. Condor 95: 288--296. (Dept. Range Wildl. Manage., Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.)---Male Otus asio defended more vigorously than females as a human approached their nests in Kentucky.---R.B.C. {B718} {ROL #79}

{B708} Thayer, J. A., et al. 1999. Attendance and effects on disturbance on coastal Common Murre colonies at Point Reyes, California. Waterbirds 22: 130--139. (Point Reyes Bird Obs., 4990 Shoreline Hwy., Stinson Beach, CA 94970, USA; EM: jthayer@prbo.org)---Following 1995 shipwreck one Uria aalge colony abandoned, three had reduced productivity; a fifth, farthest from the shipwreck apparently unaffected.---R.B.C. {B908} {ROL #79}

{B710} Arnold, J. M., I. C. T. Nisbet, & J. J. Hatch. 1998. Are Common Terns really indeterminate layers? Responses to experimental egg removal. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 81--86. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA; EM: G1744jarno@umbsky.cc.umb.edu)---Fewer than half of Sterna hirundo females from which first egg was removed, then returned, laid an additional egg; most of the birds deserted the original sites when the first egg was removed and laid at different sites.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B710} Flint, P. L., & J. B. Grand. 1999. Incubation behavior of Spectacled Eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Condor 101: 413--416. (Alaska Biol. Sci. Ctr., U.S. Geol. Survey, 1011 East Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503, USA; EM: paul_flint@usgs.gov)---Somateria fischeri. {B904; incubation constancy, nest attentiveness, weight loss} {ROL #79}

{B710} Hatchwell, B. J., et al. 1999. Incubation behavior of Long-tailed Tits: Why do males provision incubating females? Condor 101: 681--686. (Dept. Anim. & Plant Sci., Univ. Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; EM: b.hatchwell@sheffield.ac.uk)---Aegithalos caudatus. {courtship feeding} {ROL #79}

{B710} Källander, H., & J. Karlsson. 1993. Supplemental food and laying date in the European Starling. Condor 95: 1031--1034. (Dept. Ecol., Lund Univ., Ecol. Bldg., S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.)---Supplemental feeding of mealworms to nest-box nesting Sturnus vulgaris near Lund led to significantly earlier laying, a median date 5 days earlier than controls but clutch size and egg mass were unaffected.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B710} Lee, S. C., R. M. Evans, & S. C. Bugden. 1993. Benign neglect of terminal eggs in Herring Gulls. Condor 95: 507--514. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2NC, Can.; EM: lees@cc.umanitoba.ca)---Failure to incubate third eggs by New Brunswick Larus argentatus after hatching of first two chicks did not reduce hatchability and time to hatching.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B710} Littlefield, C. D. 1995. Egg ground coloration of Sandhill Cranes in Oregon and California. Oregon Birds 21: 8--9. (HCR 4, Box 212, Muleshoe, TX 79347, USA.)---182 clutches of Grus canadensis tabida had olive ground coloration, 769 had buff ground, and 5 clutches had mixed hues; but color varied considerably within types.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B710} MacCluskie, M. C., & J. S. Sedinger. 1999. Incubation behavior of Northern Shovelers in the subarctic: A contrast to the prairies. Condor 101: 417--421. (Inst. Waterfowl & Wetland Res., Ducks Unlimited, P.O. Box 703, Bonner, MT 59823, USA; EM: maggiem@bigsky.net)---Anas clypeata. {incubation constancy, nest attentiveness} {ROL #79}

{B710} Mallory, M. L., & P. J. Weatherhead. 1993. Incubation rhythms and mass loss of Common Goldeneyes. Condor 95: 849--859. (Dept. Biol., Carleton Univ., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Can.)---Bucephala clangula in Ontario spent 81% of day on nest, with an average of 2.7 recesses totaling 114 min per day and began incubating ca. 20% heavier than lowest body mass reached in incubation. Birds typically off nest more in warmer temperatures and when approaching minimum mass.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B710} Meijer, T., et al. 1999. Temperature and timing of egg-laying of European Starlings. Condor 101: 124--132. (Dept. Ethol., Univ. Bielefeld, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; EM: theo.meijer@biologie.uni-bielefeld.de)---Sturnus vulgaris. {ROL #79}

{B710} Mitchell, J. S., & R. J. Robertson. 1993. Tree Swallows cannot be classified as determinate or indeterminate layers. Condor 95: 546--553. (Dept. Biol., Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Can.)---Tachycineta bicolor near Kingston, Ontario laid more eggs when 3rd and 4th eggs removed but did not lay fewer when eggs added on 2nd and 3rd days of laying; keeping clutch to 0 or 1 eggs led to abandonment with 2nd clutch then much larger than 1st.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B710} Olsen, G. H. 1993. Effect of eggshell thickness on hatchability. Adv. Small Anim. Med. Surg. 6(4): 3--4. (EM: Glenn_Olsen@usgs.gov) {ROL #79}

{B710} Sandercock, B. K. 1993. Free-living Willow Ptarmigan are determinate egg-layers. Condor 95: 554--558. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Can.; EM: bsander@frasher.sfu.ca)---Egg removal from clutches of Lagopus lagopus did not affect clutch-size.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B710} Spaans, B., W. van der Beer, & B. S. Ebbinge. 1999. Cost of incubation in a Greater White-fronted Goose. Waterbirds 22: 151--155. (NIOZ, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Berg, Texel, The Netherlands; EM: Spaans@nioz.nl)---Nonfeeding Anser albifrons albifrons in the northern Taimyr, Russia, lost 25.4 g per day with estimations of 610 kJ per day at 9E C and 2.1 g body stores per day per EC as cost of thermoregulation.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B710} Watson, M. D., G. J. Robertson, & F. Cooke. 1993. Egg-laying time and laying interval in the Common Eider. Condor 95: 869--878. (Dept. Biol., Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Can.)---Estimated mean egg-laying hour of Somateria mollissima in Manitoba was 13: 49 CST. Average laying interval 27.7 ±4.3 hr with interval decreasing with increasing clutch-sizes but last egg of 4--5 egg clutches significantly longer than intervals between other eggs.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B710} Whitford, P. C. 1998. Rapid egg deposition and incubation onset by a Canada Goose (Branta canadensis). Passenger Pigeon 60: 270--271. (Biol. Dept., Capital Univ., 2199 E. Main St., Columbus, OH 43209, USA.) {ROL #79}

{B710} Yom-Tov, Y., & A. Ar. 1993. Incubation and fledging durations of woodpeckers. Condor 95: 282--287. (Dept. Zool., Tel Aviv Univ., Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.)---Study of 39 species revealed shorter incubation and longer fledging periods than in altricial birds of similar body and egg mass, but total period in nest the same. Shorter incubation in woodpeckers may be an adaptation to apparently poor gas exchange around eggs.---R.B.C. {B720} {ROL #79}

{B712} Smith, H. G., & T. von Schantz. 1993. Extra-pair paternity in the European Starling: The effect of polygyny. Condor 95: 1006--1015. (Dept. Ecol., Ecol. Bldg., Lund Univ., S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.)---Multilocus DNA fingerprinting on Sturnus vulgaris nestlings from 22 families in southern Sweden revealed eight extra-pair young with six of these represented by a single bird in the nest.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B712} Temrin, H. 1991. Deceit of mating status in passerine birds: An evaluation of the deception hypothesis. Curr. Ornithol. 8: 247--271. (Div. Ethol., Dept. Zool., Univ. Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.)---Considers costs and benefits of male strategy of hiding true mating status from secondary female on fledgling success in Ficedula hypoleuca, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, and Acrocephalus arundinaceus.---S.N.L. {ROL #79}

{B712} Westneat, D. F., P. W. Sherman, & M. L. Morton. 1990. The ecology and evolution of extra-pair copulations in birds. Curr. Ornithol. 7: 331--369. (Sec. Genetics & Dev., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.)---Factors affecting the costs and benefits of extra-pair copulation---S.N.L. {ROL #79}

{B714} Gowaty, P. A. 1991. Facultative manipulation of sex ratios in birds: Rare or rarely observed? Curr. Ornithol. 8: 141--171. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC 29634-1903, USA.)---Evidence for manipulation of sex ratio through differential allocation of resources by individuals; mechanisms, ecological circumstances, application of binomial test, obstacles handicapping research. Evidence from studies of Sialia sialis, Picoides borealis, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, Agelaius phoeniceus, Parabuteo unicinctus, and Haliaeetus leucocephalus.---S.N.L. {ROL #79}

{B714} Gretch, M. 1999. Polygynous mating in Eastern Phoebe. Kingbird 49: 126--128. (PO Box 392, Elizabethtown, NY 12932, USA.)---Sayornis phoebe male mated to two females whose nests were within 67 ft of each other; young from second nest not fed by male until young fledged from first.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B714} Hasselquist, D., & A. Lagnefors. 1998. Variable social mating system in the Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus. Ethology 104: 759--769. (Dept. Anim. Ecol., Lund Univ., Ecol. Build., 223 62 Lund, Sweden; EM: dennis.hasselquist@zooekol.lu.se)---59% of 58 territorial males in central Sweden 1990--1992 were monogamous, 14% polygamous, and 27% unpaired. 6.4% of 47 females were sequentially polyandrous. Annual reproductive success slightly higher for polyandrous females than for polygynous males.---R.B.C. {C918} {ROL #79}

{B714} Nero, R. W., & H. W. R. Copland. 1997. Sex and age ratios of Great Gray Owls (Strix nebulosa), winter 1995/1996. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 587--590. (Wildl. Br., Box 24, 200 Saulteaux Cr., Winnipeg, MB R3J 3W3, Can.)---Large hatch in 1994 and subsequent food shortage in 1995 may have caused 2-yr olds to move in great numbers across the continent.---J.M.S. {C914, C926} {ROL #79}

{B716} Abel, V. J., & G. Ritchison. 1999. Nest and roost site selection by American Woodcock in central Kentucky. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 60: 31--36. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Eastern Kentucky Univ., Richmond, KY 40475, USA; EM (GR): gritchis@acs.eku.edu)---21 of 22 nests and 37 of 49 roosts of Scolopax minor were found in thickets. Nest sites were generally closer to trees and in areas with smaller trees than roost and unused sites and roost sites were usually in areas with taller understory vegetation.---R.B.C. {B308} {ROL #79}

{B716} Amat, J. A., R. M. Fraga, & G. M. Arroyo. 1999. Reuse of nesting scrapes by Kentish Plovers. Condor 101: 157--159. (Estación Biol. de Doñana, C. S. I. C., Apartado 1056, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain; EM: aguilar@cica.es)---Charadrius alexandrinus. {nesting sites, nesting success} {ROL #79}

{B716} Baker, P. E., & H. Baker. 1997. Composition of Käkäwahie Paroreomyza flammea nests. Elepaio 57: 150--151. (44 Springfield Rd., Etwall, Derby DE65 6LA, England, UK.)---Details of 7 nests preserved in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B716} Baltz, A. P., & A. B. Clark. 1999. Does conspecific attraction affect nest choice in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus: Psittacidae: Aves)? Ethology 105: 583--594. (Philadelphia Zool. Garden, 3400 West Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104-1196, USA; EM: baltz.aliza@phillyzoo.org)---Experienced breeding females less likely to be attracted to apparently occupied boxes than females that had not bred before; females receiving injuries from fights with other females showed an aversion to such boxes.---R.B.C. {B314} {ROL #79}

{B716} Buchanan, J. B., & L. L. Irwin. 1998. Variation in Spotted Owl nest site characteristics within the eastern Cascade Mountains Province in Washington. Northwest. Nat. 79: 33--40. (Washington Dept. Fish Wildl., 600 Capitol Way North, Olympia, WA 98501, USA.)---Strix occidentalis caurina nest sites varied widely among areas studied, but results consistent with earlier determinations of important habitat variables.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B716} Casto, S. D. 1999. Nest sites of Curve-billed Thrashers at a rural dwelling in southern Texas. Bull. Texas Ornithol. Soc. 32(1): 44--46. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA.)---Toxostoma curvirostre. {ROL #79}

{B716} Clugston, D. A. 1999. Availability of nest cavity trees for Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) at Sunkhaze Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Maine. Northeast. Nat. 6: 133--138. (USGS Patuxent Wildl. Res. Ctr., 5768 South Annex A, Orono, ME 04469, USA.)---Density of nest-cavity trees/plot averaged from 1.0 ± 0.4 (mean ± SE) in wet softwoods to 1.9 ± 0.4 in upland hardwoods.---J.S.G. {ROL #79}

{B716} Coburn, L. A. 1996. Gull-billed Tern nesting on a roof in northwest Florida. Florida Field Nat. 24: 76--77. (Dept. Biol., Univ. W. Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA.)---1st record of Sterna nilotica nesting on roofs; 7 Jun 1995, Parker, Bay Co.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B716} Delaney M. F., & S. B. Linda. 1998. Nesting habitats of Florida Grasshopper Sparrows at Avon Park Air Force Range. Florida Field Nat. 26: 33--39. (Florida Game Fresh Water Fish Comm., 4005 S. Main, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.)---Ammodramus savannarum floridanus in Polk and Highlands counties, Florida select more densely vegetated site than those available.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B716} Depkin, F. C., L. A. Brandt, & F. J. Mazzotti. 1994. Nest sites of Florida Sandhill Cranes in southwestern Florida. Florida Field Nat. 22: 39--47. (Dept. Wildl. Range Sci., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.)---Grus canadensis pratensis. {ROL #79}

{B716} Eaton, S. W. 1998. Swainson's Thrush nests in the Allegany Hills. Kingbird 48: 16--18. (2596 Ten Mile Rd., Allegany, NY 14706, USA.)---All but one nest of Catharus ustulatus was found on the lowest living limb of hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. Nests were several meters out from trunk; heights of nests ranged from 2.3 m to 9.8 m (mean 5.8 m, n=9) at an average distance from the trunk of 3.6 m (n=5); elsewhere in New England the species usually nests in firs or spruces with nests placed close to the trunk.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B716} Frederick, P., & T. Towles. 1995. Roseate Spoonbills (Ajaia ajaja) nesting at an inland location in the Everglades. Florida Field Nat. 23: 65--66. (Dept. Wildl. Ecol. Conserv., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.) {ROL #79}

{B716} Hendricks, P. 1997. Feral pigeons nesting underground in an abandoned mine. Northwest. Nat. 78: 74--76. (Montana Nat. Her. Progr., 909 Locust St., Missoula, MT 59802, USA.)---Columba livia nest with young in near total darkness 19 Aug 1996 in the Millionaire Mine, Beaverhead County, Montana.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B716} LaHaye, W. S., & R. J. Gutiérrez. 1999. Nest sites and nesting habitat of the Northern Spotted Owl in Northwestern California. Condor 101: 324--330. (P. O. Box 523, Big Bear City, CA 92314, USA; EM: blahaye@gte.net)---Strix occidentalis caurina. Of 69 nests found, 83% were located in Douglas-firs and 60% were in broken-top trees. Minimum nest tree ages averaged 288 years.---S.N.L. {old-growth conifer forests} {ROL #79}

{B716} Linkhart, B. D., & R. T. Reynolds. 1997. Territories of Flammulated Owls (Otus flammeolus): Is occupancy a measure of habitat quality? U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 250--254. (Rocky Mtn. For. & Range Exp. Stn., USDA Forest Serv., 240 Prospect St., Ft. Collins, CO 80526-2098, USA.)---Yes. Old growth forest held most consistent numbers of breeding pairs; unmated males found in less optimum habitats.---J.M.S. {C908} {ROL #79}

{B716} Littlefield, C. D. 1994. Atypical Sandhill Crane nests in Oregon. Oregon Birds 20: 54--56. (Malheur Field Stn., HC 72 Box 212, Princeton, OR 97721, USA.)---Unusual habitats and nest-sites employed by Grus canadensis tabida, mostly in Malheur NWR.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B716} Marti, C. D. 1997. Flammulated Owls (Otus flammeolus) breeding in deciduous forests. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 262--266. (Dept. Zool., Weber State Univ., Ogden, UT 84408-2505, USA; cmart@weber.edu)---Using nest boxes, owls nested 34 times in 5 years; provides measures of reproduction and habitat needs.---J.M.S. {C918} {ROL #79}

{B716} Mazur, K. M., P. C. James, & S. D. Frith. 1997. Barred Owl (Strix varia) nest site characteristics in the boreal forest of Saskatchewan, Canada. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 267--271. (Grassland & For. Bird Proj., Box 24, 200 Saulteaux Cres., Winnipeg, MB R3J 3W3, Can.)---Large trees used for nest sites; their availability appears to limit occupancy in habitats.---J.M.S. {ROL #79}

{B716} Middleton, A. L. A., & G. Nancekivell. 1999. Unusual nest of a feral Rock Dove, Columba livia. Can. Field-Nat. 113: 278. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Can.)---Constructed almost entirely of straight and screw nails.---D.L.E. {ROL #79}

{B716} Morrison, J. L., et al. 1997. First record of Crested Caracara nesting in cypress. Florida Field Nat. 25: 51--53. (MacArthur Agro-Ecol. Res. Ctr., 816 Buck Island Ranch Rd., Lake Placid, FL 33852, USA.)---Caracara plancus nest found 11 February 1996 in Highlands County, FL. Two young successfully fledged.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B716} Mossop, D. H. 1997. The importance of old growth refugia in the Yukon boreal forest to cavity-nesting owls. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 584--586. (Arts & Sci. Div., Yukon Coll., Box 2799, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 5K4, Can.)---Aegolius funereus used only 1% of nest boxes erected over a 5-yr period; natural sites seemed to be more abundant than was expected.---J.M.S. {ROL #79}

{B716} Murphy, M. T., C. L. Cummings, & M. S. Palmer. 1997. Comparative analysis of habitat selection, nest site and nest success by Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) and Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus). Am. Midl. Nat. 138: 344--356. (Dept. Biol., Hartwick Coll., Oneonta, NY 13820, USA.)---Extensive overlap in habitat use and nest sites between two species.---V.L.A. {ROL #79}

{B716} Ontiveros, D. 1999. Selection of nest cliffs by Bonelli’s Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) in southeastern Spain. J. Raptor Res. 33: 110--116. (Depto. Biol. Anim. & Ecol., Fac. Cienc., Univ. Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain.) {ROL #79}

{B716} Pampush, G. J., & R. G. Anthony. 1993. Nest success, habitat utilization and nest-site selection of Long-billed Curlews in the Columbia Basin, Oregon. Condor 95: 957--967. (Oregon Trout Inc., 5331 S.W. Macadam, Suite 228, Portland, OR 97201, USA.)---Numenius americanus nest success 0.69 (n=40) in 1978 and 0.65 (n=61) in 1979 with lower nest predation in annual grass habitats with low vertical profile, and low vertical density preferred over areas with tall dense shrubs or weedy annual variation; overall, vegetation at nest sites more complex above 5 cm than surrounding areas.---R.B.C. {C918} {ROL #79}

{B716} Post, W., & C. A. Seals. 1993. Nesting associations of Least Bitterns and Boat-tailed Grackles. Condor 95: 139--144. (Charleston Mus., Charleston, SC 29403, USA; EM: grackle@aol.com)---Ixobrychus exilis and Quiscalus major in South Carolina cattail marsh.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B716} Postupalsky, S., J. M. Papp, & L. Scheller. 1997. Nest sites and reproductive success of Barred Owls (Strix varia) in Michigan. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 325--337. (1817 Simpson, Apt. 201, Madison, WI 53713, USA.)---Large trees and snags are critically important to owls.---J.M.S. {C918} {ROL #79}

{B716} Raftovich, R. V., Jr. 1996. Unusually high Field Sparrow nest found. Oriole 61(2/3): 53--54. (Warnell Sch. For. Resour., Univ. Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.)---Spizella pusilla flushed from nest 3.5 m up in flowering dogwood, Cornus florida.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B716} Ramos, J. A. 1998. Nest-site selection by Roseate Terns breeding on Aride Island, Seychelles. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 438--443. (Inst. Politec. de Braganca, Esc. Superior Agrária, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5301-854 Braganca, Portugal; EM: jramos@ipb.pt)---Sterna dougallii select sites nearer tall vertical objects and with overhanging material than at random points, with nest-density positively correlated with rock cover and sites in small colonies varying more widely than in the main colony.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B716} Royall, C. 1997. Some eye-catching nest sites. Bluebird 64(4): 29--30. (No address given.)---Turdus migratorius nest in lamp at top of post; Cardinalis cardinalis in hanging wire basket; Icterus galbula nests in vines hanging from wires leading to a utility pole and in grapevines far out on limb of dead elm tree.---R.B.C. {ROL #79}

{B716} Sondreal, M. L., & R. K. Murphy. 1998. Low Cooper's Hawk, Accipiter cooperii, nest in dense shrub. Can. Field-Nat. 112: 339--340. (RKM: Des Lacs NWR, 8315 Hwy. 8, Kenmare, ND 58746, USA.) {ROL #79}

{B716} Sprandel, G. L., H. L. Bolte, & D. T. Cobb. 1998. Gull-billed Tern fledged on a roof in northwest Florida. Florida Field Nat. 26: 94--96. (Florida Game Fresh Water Fish Comm., Rte. 7, Box 3055, Quincy, FL 32351, USA.)---First report of successful Sterna nilotica nesting on roofs in Florida, in Bay County.---R.Bow. {ROL #79}

{B716} Stepnisky, D. P. 1997. Landscape features and characteristics of Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa) nests in fragmented landscapes in central Alberta. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-190: 601--607. (18516-84 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5T 1G5, Can.)---Amount of forested edge adjacent to the edge is equally important for the nesting of this species. All 17 nests found were in Populus spp.---J.M.S. {C908} {ROL #79}

{B716} Synatzske, D. R., D. C. Ruthven, III, & L. W. Brothers. 1999. Use of deer-proof fence posts