Subject heading	Sort Code
New journal	B010
Renamed journal	B030
Avian biology & life history	B100
Africa, sub-Saharan & Madagascar	B104
Antarctica & sub-Antarctica	B106
Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand	B108
Europe & Iceland	B110
Mexico, Central America, & Caribbean	B112
New World	B114
North Africa & Middle East	B116
North America & Greenland	B118
Northern Asia & Far East	B120
Oriental (India, SE Asia, Indonesia,Philippines)	B128
South America	B130
Behavior & communication	B300
Agonistic & aggressive behavior	B302
Learning, memory, & intelligence	B304
Locomotion	B306
Self-maintenance (Daily time budget,Preening, Bathing, Anting, Roosting)	B308
Sensory perception (Auditory, Magnetic, Olfactory, Tactile, Visual sensing)	B310
Sexual behavior (Courtship, Pair Bonding, Copulation)	B312
Social and interspecific behavior(Colonial behavior, Social organization)	B314
Territoriality & home range	B316
Visual signals	B318
Vocalizations & other sounds	B320
Birds & humans	B500
Collisions & other artificial fatalities	B502
Damage to crops or fisheries, Nuisance Control	B504
Gamebird management & hunting	B508
Uses of birds by humans	B510
Breeding habits	B700
Breeding schedule & dates	B702
Brood parasitism , Egg dumping, & Foster parenting	B704
Cooperative or communal breeding	B706
Effects of human studies or presence	B708
Eggs & incubation, including egg physiology & morphology	B710
Extra-pair mating, paternity	B712
Mating systems	B714
Nesting habitat, nest site, & structure	B716
Parental care & feeding	B718
Young, from hatching to fledging (Growth & Development)	B720
Conservation	B900
Captives (Maintenance, Rehabilitation, & Release)	B902
Declining & endangered species	B904
Education programs, politics, planning	B906
Effects of man-made environmental changes	B908
Habitat protection & management	B910
Species recovery measures	B912
Wild bird trade	B914
Diseases, parasites, & pathology	C100
Diseases & disease transmission	C102
Parasites, external & internal	C104
Pathology & injury	C106
Distribution & avifaunas	C300
General, worldwide, or zoogeography	C302
Africa, sub-Saharan & Madagascar	C304
Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand	C308
Europe & Iceland	C310
Mexico, Central America, & Caribbean	C312
North Africa & Middle East	C316
North America & Greenland	C318
Northern Asia & Far East	C320
Oceania	C324
Oriental (India, SE Asia, Indonesia, Philippines)	C328
South America	C330
Documentation
Biographies, obituaries, & history	C704
Collecting & collections, taxonomic specimens	C706
Terminology	C708
Ecology, environment, & populations	C900
Biocides & pollution	C902
Birds as environmental monitors	C904
Climate & weather effects	C906
Habitat change, selection, & use; community structure, habitat suitability models	C908
Life span & survivorship	C910
Mortality causes	C912
Population numbers, censuses, trends, & dynamics	C914
Predation & predators	C916
Reproductive effort & productivity	C918
Site fidelity & dispersal	C920
Species composition & competition; biodiversity	C922
Trophic levels, energy cycles, & related relationships	C924
Winter habitat & habits	C926
Evolution & systematics
Classification & phylogeny	D104
Coevolution or interaction between avian and non-avian species	D106
Intraspecific variation	D108
New taxa	D110
Species concepts	D112
Taxonomy & nomenclature	D114
Food habits & nutrition	D300
Diet, food selection, & nutrition	D302
Drinking, pellet-casting, & defecation	D304
Foraging habits, food transport, storage	D306
Kleptoparasitism	D308
Genetics & hybridization
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics	D504
Hybrids & progeny	D508
Identification	D700
Species identification	D702
Sex or age class identification	D704
Migration & navigation	D900
Migratory behavior	D902
Migratory dates, timing, & routes	D904
Migratory physiology	D906
Navigation & homing	D908
Morphology & physiology	E100
Circulatory system	E102
Digestive system	E104
Embryology & development	E106
Endocrine system & hormones	E108
Excretory system & water metabolism (Urinary structures, Nasal glands)	E110
Immune system	E112
Integument (Feathers, Molts, Plumages, Integumentary structures, Skin)	E114
General morphology (Body size, Sexual dimorphism, Regional morphology)	E116
Physiology & biochemistry (Body composition, Day length effects, Energy metabolism, Lipid physiology, Protein physiology)	E118
Reproductive system & physiology	E120
Respiratory system	E122
Sensory & nervous system	E124
Paleornithology	E300
Jurassic & Cretaceous fossils	E302
Paleocene, Eocene, & Oligocene fossils	E304
Miocene & Pliocene fossils	E306
Pleistocene & Holocene fossils & subfossils	E308
Site surveys	E310
Techniques
Captive breeding, care, & rehabilitation	E504
Censuses, maps, & surveys	E506
Environmental monitoring	E508
Field methods not included elsewhere	E510
Genetic methods	E512
Mathematical models	E514
Photographic & video documentation	E516
Physiological methods	E518
Predator control	E520
Sound recording	E522
Tracking & remote monitoring	E524
Trapping, netting, banding, & marking	E526

Abstracts in ROL #77 treat articles from the following serials:

Acta Amazonica 19 (1989), 20 (1990), 22 (1992)

Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 12 (1990), 17 (1995)

Acta Biologica Paranaense 19 (1990)

Acta Botanica 15 (1991)

Acta Ornithologica 32 (1997)

Acta Parasitologica 41 (1996)

Acta Theriologica 41 (1996)

Acta Zoologica Lilloana 39--42 (1990--1993)

Acta Zoologica Mexicana 41 (1990), 47 (1991, 66 (1995)

Alauda 64 (1996), 65 (1997)

Alcheringa 22 (1998)

Alula 3 (1996--1997)

Ameghiniana 25 (1988), 32 (1995)

American Naturalist 148--150 (1996--1997)

Anais do Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 62 (1990)

Anales del Instituto de Biologia UNAM Serie Zoologia 59 (1989),

Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, serie Ciencias Humanas 22 (1993)

Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, serie Ciencias Naturales 20 (1991), 21 (1992)

Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaiso 20 (1989), 22 (1994)

Animal Behaviour 53--57 (1997--1998)

Animal Conservation 1 (1998)

Antarctic Journal of the United States 28 (1993)

Ardea 82--84 (1994--1996), 84A (1996)

Arquivos do Instituto Biologico 57 (1990)

Arquivos de Biología y Tecnología 33 (1990), 37 (1994)

Australian Bird Watcher 17 (1998)

Australian Raptor Association News = BooBook

Avocetta 20 (1996)

Babbler 32 (1997)

Badan. Fizjogr. Nad Polska Zachol., Ser. C, Zool. 43 (1996)

Biotropica 27 (1995), 28 (1996)

Bird Observer (Massachusetts) 25 (1997)

Bird Study 44 (1997)

Birders’ Journal 6 (1997)

Birding World 9--11 (1996--1998)

Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 49 (1997), 52 (1995)

Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi serie Zoologia 7--10 (1991--1994)

Boletin de la Sociedad Biologica de Concepción 61 (1990)

Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcion 65 (1994)

Brenesia 34 (1990)

BWP Update 1 (1997)

Caldasia 17--19 (1995--1997)

Ciencia e Cultura 43 (1991), 45--46 (1993)

Colonial Waterbirds=Waterbirds

Corella 22 (1998)

Dutch Birding 19 (1997)

Eclectus 1--3 (1996--1997)

Ekologia Polska 44 (1996)

El Pitirre 2--5 (1989--1992), 8--10 (1995--1997)

Emirates Bird Report No. 19 (1997)

Emu 98 (1998)

Environmental Entomology 27 (1988)

Ethology, Ecology, & Evolution 8 (1996)

Gerfaut/Giervalk 85 (1995)

Great Basin Naturalist 57 (1997)

Ibis 136 (1994), 138 (1996)

Iheringia, serie Zoologia 70--72 (1990--1992), 76--78 (1994--1995)

Indiana Audubon Quarterly 76 (1998)

International Studies of Sparrows 22--23 (1995--1996)

Iowa Bird Life 68 (1998)

Journal für Ornithologie 138 (2, 3) (1997)

Journal of Arid Environments 35, 36 (1997)

Journal of Avian Biology 28 (1997)

Journal of Economic Entomology 91 (1998)

Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3--7 (1990--1994)

Journal of Field Ornithology 68 (1997), 69 (1998)

Journal of Wildlife Research 1 (1996)

Journal of Zoology 240--242 (1996--1997)

Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 25 (1995), 26 (1996)

Kentucky Warbler 73 (1997)

Landscope 12 (1996)

Limosa 65--69 (1992--1996)

Malimbus 19 (1997)

Memorias del Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 85 (1990), 89 (1994), 91 (1996)

Michigan Birds Natural History 3 (1996), 4 (1997)

Micronesica 30 (1997)

Muruk 8 (1996)

New Zealand Journal of Botany 33 (1995), 34 (1996)

New Zealand Journal of Ecology 22 (1998)

New Zealand Journal of Zoology 24 (1997)

Northwest Science 72 (1998)

Northwestern Naturalist 77 (1996)

Nos Oiseaux 44 (1997)

Notornis 44 (1997), 45 (1998

Oman Bird News No. 20 (1997)

Oriental Bird Club Bulletin 13--27 (1991--1998)

Ornis Hungarica 6 (1996)

Ornithologische Beobachter 88 (1991)

Pacific Science 51 (1995)

Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 (1990), 39 (1994)

Poeyana 361 (1988), 365 (1989), 401 (1991), 415 (1992)

Polish Polar Research 15 (1994)

Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science 47--49 (1993--1995)

Queensland Naturalist 33 (1995)

Records of New Jersey Birds 24 (1998)

Records of the Western Australia Museum 18 (1997)

Revista Brasileira de Biología 56 (1996)

Revista Ceres 37 (1990)

Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 63 (1990), 64 (1991)

Revista de la Asociación de Ciencias Naturales del Litoral 19 (1988) 22 (1991), 23 (1992), 25 (1994)

Ring 17 (1995)

Ringing & Migration 16 (1995), 17 (1996)

Sandgrouse 19 (1, 1997)

Science 279 (1998), 280 (1998)

Scottish Birds 19 (1, Raptor Round Up Suppl., 1997)

Scottish Bird Report No. 28 (1997)

Scottish Bird News No. 46 (1997)

Serie Cientifica Instituto Antártico Chileno 39 (1989)

Sichuan Journal of Zoology 15 (1996)

South Dakota Bird Notes 48 (1996), 49 (1997)

Southwestern Naturalist 42 (1997), 43 (1998)

Stilt 32 (1998)

Túczok 1 (1996), 2 (1997)

Victorian Naturalist 115 (1998)

Western Birds 28 (1997)

Wetlands 17 (1997)

Wiadomosci Ekologiczne 43 (1997)

Wildlife Monographs 115 (1991), 124--132 (1993--1996), 137 (1998)

Wildlife Research 24 (1997), 25 (1998)

Wildlife Society Bulletin 25 (1997)

Wilson Bulletin 110 (1998)

Zeszyty Problemowe Postepów Nauk Rolniczych 428 (1996)
 
 

We appreciate the efforts of the following abstractors who contributed to this issue: R. T. Barrett, P. H. Becker, R. G. Bijlsma, L. Birch, L. K. Blight, J. V. Briskie, M. G. Brooker, T. M. Brooks, P. W. P. Browne, J. S. Castrale, R. B. Clapp, P. J. Cowan, J. A. Craves, V. R. Cueto, W. E. Davis, R. H. Diehl, J. J. Dinsmore, J. J. Dosch, V. M. Dziadosz, I. D. Endersby, J. R. Faaborg, C. González-Salazar, M. Güntert, E. Hirschfeld, R. A. Ickes, J. Ingels, W. P. Johnson,M. J. Justice, P. Lack, A. L. Lang, M. V. McDonald, E. O. Minot, K. C. Molina, G. Olioso, H. D. Perkins, J. M. Peter, R. O. Pineda, J. Pinowski, M. A. Plenge, T. D. Reynolds, G. Ritchison, I. C. Rowley, E. I. Saiff, G. Sangster, N. J. Skinner, A. Sorace, W. K. Steele, T. Szekely, W. E. Thogmartin, T. Treharne, R. G. Troetschler, A. K. Turner, and D. Warden.---The editors.
 
 

{B010} Animal Conservation. ISSN No. 1367-9430. Quarterly journal published by the Zoological Society of London. Annual subscription US-$124 for institutions, US$62 for individuals. Contact: Animal Conservation Ed. Off., Zool. Soc. London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.---Publishes research papers on novel scientific studies of the conservation of animal species and their habitats, also research reviews, comments and book reviews.---T.M.B.

{B010} BWP Update. ISSN 1363-0601. Three issues per year. (Subscriptions: Journal Subscriptions Dept., Oxford Univ. Press, Great Clarendon St., Oxford OX2 6DP, UK. EM: jnl.info@oup.co.uk. Editor: Dr. M. Ogilvie, Glencairn, Bruichladdich, Isle of Islay PA49 7UN, UK. EM: maogilvie@indaal.demon.co.uk. Annual subscription US$75 (Institutional price US$130). Publishes species accounts that update the Handbook of the Birds of the Western Palearctic. Papers commissioned; anyone wishing to submit an account should first contact the editor. First issue includes accounts for Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Phoenicopterus ruber, Phoenicopterus minor, Cygnus cygnus, Anser brachyrhynchus, Falco naumanni, Diomedea cauta, and Daption capense.---J.V.B.

{B010} Eclectus, new journal published by the Birds Australia Parrot Association, a Special Interest Group of Birds Australia, formed in Albany, WA, Australia, October, 1996. No. 1, Sept. 1996, No. 2, April 1997, No. 3, October 1997.

{B010} Ecotropica. Bi-annual journal of the German Society for Tropical Ecology. As a correction to the announcement of this new journal in ROL #75, note that requests for subscriptions, back issues, and voucher copies should be sent to: Thomas Zuechner, Alexander Koenig Research Institute and Museum of Zoology, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany; EM: t.zuechner.zfmk@uni-bonn.de. Manuscripts should be sent to the Managing Editor, K.-L. Schuchmann, at the same address.

{B010} Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas. ISSN No. 1094-0782. Publishes refereed original research papers on all aspects of biology. This series replaces The University of Kansas Science Bulletin; Occasional Papers, Museum of Natural History; Monographs, Museum of Natural History; and Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, all discontinued in the period 1992-1996. Editor, W. E. Duellman, Dyche Hall, Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-2454, USA. General information may be obtained at Tel. 785-864-4450 or via EM: huerter@falcon.cc.ukans.edu---R.J.

{B030} Australasian Raptor Association News (last issue 17 (2), December 1996) renamed BooBook (first issue 18 (1), July 1997).

{B030} Colonial Waterbirds (last vol. 21, 1998) renamed Waterbirds (commences with vol. 22, 1999). The new journal expands its focus from colonial waterbirds to all waterbird subgroups, such as ducks, shorebirds, and solitary seabirds, as well as to rare or less known species and to general principles of waterbird biology across subgroups, major advances concerning individual subgroups, and comparisons of subgroups.---J.M.S.

{B100} Collias, N. E., & E. C. Collias. 1998. Seeking to understand the living bird: The 1997 Margaret Morse Nice Lecture. Wilson Bull. 110: 28--44. (Dept. Biol., Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.)---Summary of research on the biology of avian behavior. Includes evolution and function of social behavior at all levels of organization from physiology to population.---J.J.Dos.

{B100} Hõrak, P., & T. Tammaru. 1996. Between-year variation in breeding conditions biases heritability estimates for body size in birds. Ardea 84: 127--135. (Inst. Zool. Bot., Anim. Ecol. Sect., Univ. Tartu, Riia 181, Tartu EE--2400, Estonia.)

{B100} Møller, A. P., & R. Thornhill. 1998. Male parental care, differential parental investment by females and sexual selection. Anim. Behav. 55: 1507--1515. (Lab. d'Écol., CNRS URA 258, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai St Barnard, Case 237, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.)

{B100} Rodrigues, M. 1998. No relationship between territory size and the risk of cuckoldry in birds. Anim. Behav. 55: 915--923. (Depto. Ecol. & Zool., Univ. Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.)---Field study of Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita, and literature review.---A.K.T.

{B100} Zuk, M., et al. 1998. Parasites influence social rank and morphology, but not mate choice, in female Red Junglefowl, Gallus gallus. Anim. Behav. 56: 493--499. (Dept. Biol., Univ. California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.)

{B102} Cotgreave, P. 1994. Migration, body-size and abundance in bird communities. Ibis 136: 493--496. (Dept. Zool., Oxford Univ., South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.)

{B104} Payne, R. B., & L. L. Payne. 1994. Song mimicry and species associations of west African indigobirds Vidua with Quail-finch Ortygospiza atricollis, Goldbreast Amandava subflava and Brown Twinspot Clytospiza monteiri. Ibis 136: 291--304. (Mus. Zool. & Dept. Biol., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.)---Supports hypothesis that associations between brood parasite and foster species arose by switching from one foster to another rather than by cospeciation.---J.V.B.

{B104} Tréca, B. 1996. [In north Senegal, sewage farms are attractive to Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis and Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis.] Alauda 64: 421--428. (Lab. Ornithol., ORSTOM, B.P. 1386, Dakar, Senegal.) (French, Engl. summ.)

{B104} Turpie, J. K., & P. A. R. Hockey. 1996. Foraging ecology and seasonal energy budgets of estuarine Grey Plovers Pluvialis squatarola and Whimbrels Numenius phaeopus at the southern tip of Africa. Ardea 84: 57--74. (Percy Fitzpatrick Inst. Afr. Ornithol., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.)---Despite high foraging densities both species satisfy energy demands during non-breeding season more easily in South Africa than closer to breeding grounds.---R.G.B.

{B104} Tyler, S. J. 1997. Some notes on Marsh Owls Asio capensis at Ruretse near Gaborone [Botswana]. Babbler 32: 38--39. (Room 106, D. A. H. P., Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana.)

{B106} Janes, D. N., et al. 1993. Reproductive effort and foraging energetics in Adelie penguins. Antarct. J. U. S. 28(5): 150--151. (Dept. Biol., Univ. California-Riverside, CA 92521, USA.)---Energetics and osmoregulation in Pygoscelis adeliae chicks.---L.K.B.

{B106} Jouventin, P., J. Bried, & E. Ausilio. 1996. Life-history variations of the Lesser Sheathbill Chionis minor in contrasting habitats. Ibis 138: 732--741. (C.N.R.S.-C.E.B.C., 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France.)---In Kerguelen Archipelago and Marion Island.---J.V.B.

{B106} Kooyman, G., et al. 1993. Emperor Penguin foraging behavior in the western Ross Sea, 1992. Antarct. J. U. S. 28(5): 149. (Ctr. Mar. Biotech. & Biomed., Scripps Inst. Oceanography, Univ. California-Davis, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA.)---Initial summary of time-depth recorder and satellite transmitter data. Census of Aptenodytes forsteri chicks for 3 Ross Sea colonies.---L.K.B.

{B106} Roby, D. R., J. R. E. Taylor, & A. R. Place. 1993. Physiological aspects of stomach-oil formation in Antarctic seabirds. Antarct. J. U. S. 28(5): 146--147. (Alaska Coop. Fish Wildl. Res. Unit, Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0990, USA.)---Chicks on high-oil diets gain weight faster than those with low-oil diets or field controls, but lipid assimilation and growth increment in wing length significantly lower for Pelecanoides georgicus than Pachyptila desolata on high-oil diet. Adult free-ranging metabolic rates measured.---L.K.B.

{B106} Van Heezik, Y. M., et al. 1994. Interrelationships between breeding frequency, timing and outcome in King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus: are King Penguins biennial breeders? Ibis 136: 279--284. (Natl. Wildl. Res. Ctr., PO Box 1086, Taif, Saudi Arabia.)---No.---J.V.B.

{B106} Weidinger, K. 1996. Patterns of colony attendance in the Cape Petrel Daption capense at Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Ibis 138: 243--249. (Inst. For. & Nat. Res., IBN-DLO, Postbox 167, 1790 AD Den Burg (Texel), Netherlands.)

{B108} Dall, S. R. X., & M. S. Witter. 1998. Feeding interruptions, diurnal mass changes and daily routines of behaviour in the Zebra Finch. Anim. Behav. 55: 715--725. (Dept. Math., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4510, USA.)---Taeniopygia guttata became less active in response to experimentally reduced food availability.---A.K.T.

{B108} Frith, C. B., & D. W. Frith. 1994. The nesting biology of Archbold's Bowerbird Archboldia papuensis and a review of that of other bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchidae). Ibis 136: 153--160. ('Prionodura,' PO Box 581, Malanda, Qld. 4885, Australia.)---Study of 13 active nests and nestling diet.---J.V.B.

{B108} Holmes, G. 1998. A review of the distribution, status and ecology of the Star Finch Neochmia ruficauda in Queensland. Aust. Bird Watcher 17: 278--289. (P.O. Box 1246, Atherton, Qld. 4883, Australia.)---Northern subspecies is locally numerous but southern one is critically endangered. Habitat types are described and food observations given.---I.D.E.

{B108} Isles, A. 1997. The Paradise Parrot: 70 years on. Eclectus 3: 24--26. (115 Greville St., Prahran, Vic. 3181, Australia.)---Reviews data on Psephotus pulcherrimus, considered to have become extinct by 1927.---I.C.R.

{B108} Noske, R. A. 1998. Social organisation and nesting biology of the cooperatively breeding Varied Sitella Daphoenositta chrysoptera in north-eastern New South Wales. Emu 98: 85--96. (Zool. Dept., Univ. New England, Armidale, NSW 2066, Australia.)---Study of breeding biology which argues that group-living and philopatry in this species probably developed because of increased foraging efficiency and reduced vulnerability to predators.---W.K.S.

{B108} Pavey, C. R., & A. K. Smyth. 1998. Effects of avian mobbing on roost use and diet of Powerful Owls, Ninox strenua. Anim. Behav. 55: 313--318. (64 Arafura St., Upper Mt. Gravatt, Brisbane 4122, Australia.)---Roost mainly in rainforest where mobbing is infrequent and prey on nonmobbing species eight times more than mobbers.---A.K.T.

{B108} Zann, R., & D. Runciman. 1994. Survivorship, dispersal and sex ratios of Zebra Finches Taeniopygia guttata in southeast Australia. Ibis 136: 136--146. (Dept. Zool., La Trobe Univ., Bundoora 3083, Australia.)---Highly mobile with large home ranges and extensive interchange among breeding colonies.---J.V.B.

{B110} Beck, F. 1991. [Size and reproductive success of a Swift (Apus apus) colony in Ramsei, Switzerland, 1961-1990.] Ornithol. Beob. 88:143--145. (Birkenhain, CH--3435 Ramsei, Switzerland.) (German.)

{B110} Belda, E. J. 1996. [Life history strategies of Great Tits Parus major and Blue Tits Parus caeruleus in the Mediterranean area.] Ph.D. dissert., Univ. Valencia. (Depto. Microbiol. & Ecol., Univ. Valencia, E--46100 Burjassot, Spain.)---Habits of Great and Blue tits in a semi-evergreen forest in Pitarque, eastern Spain and compared with those from other populations. Investigates the relationships between fecundity and survival rates.---L.B.

{B110} Bijlsma R. G. 1995. [Golden Orioles Oriolus oriolus and poplars Populus spp. below sea level.] Limosa 68: 21--28. (Doldersummerweg 1, 7983 LD Wapse, Netherlands.)---Density, habitat choice, food and breeding biology in poplar plantations in recently reclaimed polders. (Dutch, Engl. summ.)---R.G.B.

{B110} Birkhead, T. R., et al. 1997 Song, sperm quality and testes asymmetry in the Sedge Warbler. Anim. Behav. 53: 965--971. (Dept. Anim. Plant Sci., Univ. Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.)---Song features of Acrocephalus schoenobaenus not related to sperm quality or testes asymmetry but older males tended to have larger repertoires and testes---A.K.T.

{B110} Blomert, A.-M., et al., Eds. 1996. Oystercatchers and their estuarine food supplies. Ardea 84 A. (Netherlands Ornithol. Union, c/o T. Boudewijn, Akelei 42, 4102 JM Culemborg, Netherlands.)---34 papers about feeding ecology and other aspects of Haematopus ostralegus, listed separately in this ROL issue.---R.G.B.

{B110} Blomqvist, D., et al. 1997. Male aerial display and reversed sexual size dimorphism in the Dunlin. Anim. Behav. 54: 1291--1299. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Göteborg, Medicinaregatan 18, S-413 90 Göteborg, Sweden.)---Calidris alpina.

{B110} Brugière, D. 1996. [The Fieldfare Turdus pilaris in the plains of central France.] Alauda 64: 274. (39 rue Sidi-Brahim, F--03200 Vicht, France.) (French.)

{B110} Brugière, D. 1996. [TheTufted Duck Aythya fuligula in the Massif Central (France).] Alauda 64: 273--274. (39 rue Sidi-Brahim, F--03200 Vichy, France.) (French.)

{B110} Bureö, S, & V. Pavel. 1997. The effect of nestling condition on risk-taking in Meadow Pipits. Anim. Behav. 54: 1531--1534. (Lab. Ornithol., Palacky Univ., tr. Svobody 26, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.)---Anthus pratensis females returned to brood chicks sooner after a simulated predator attack when their body temperature was low.---A.K.T.

{B110} Calvario, E., & S. Sarrocco. 1996. [The Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus in "Lago di Vico" Nature Reserve (Central Italy).] Alula 3: 87--100. (SROPU c/o Oasi WWF "Bosco di Palo", Via Palo laziale 2, 00055 Ladispoli (Roma), Italy.) (Italian, Engl. summ.)

{B110} Cauli, F., & W. Ceccarelli. 1996. [Notes on ecology of the Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus in an area of Central Italy.] Alula 3: 111--117. (SROPU c/o Oasi WWF "Bosco di Palo", Via Palo laziale 2, 00055 Ladispoli (Roma), Italy.) (Italian, Engl. summ.)

{B110} Choudhury, S., J. M. Black, & M. Owen. 1996. Body size, fitness and compatibility in Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis. Ibis 138: 700--709. (Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire GL2 7BT, UK.)---Large individuals of both sexes have a higher probability of breeding successfully.---J.V.B.

{B110} Clouet, M. 1996. [Variation in the breeding biology of tits with altitude in the Pyrenees.] Alauda 64: 159--164. (AROMP, Mus. Hist. Nat., 35 allées Jules Guesde, F--31000 Toulouse, France.)---Parus ater and Parus caeruleus. (French, Engl. summ.)

{B110} de Bruijn, O. 1994. Population ecology and conservation of the Barn Owl Tyto alba in farmland habitats in Liemers and Achterhoek (The Netherlands). Ardea 82: 1--109. (Morshoek 39, 7552 PE Hengelo, Netherlands.)---Trends in population and demography in relation to food supply, winter weather, nest site availability and changes in rural landscape.---R.G.B.

{B110} Del Marmol, P. 1995. [Interpretation of Belgian ringing data for the genus Corvus.] Gerfaut 85: 99--127. (Montaigle, B-5522 Falaen, Belgium.)---Corvus monedula, Corvus frugilegus, Corvus corone corone, Corvus corone cornix, Corvus corax. (French, English summary.)---J.I.

{B110} Dias, P. C., & J. Blondel. 1996. Breeding time, food supply and fitness components of Blue Tits Parus caeruleus in Mediterranean habitats. Ibis 138: 644--649. (Ctr. Natl. de la Recherche Scientifique, CEFE, BP 5051, F--34033 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.)

{B110} Dougall, T. W. 1996. Movement and mortality of British-ringed Skylarks Alauda arvensis. Ringing Migr. 17: 81--92. (62 Leamington Terr., Edinburgh EH10 4JL, UK.)---Analyses 201 recoveries.---P.C.L.

{B110} Flore, B.-O., & O. Hueppop. 1997. [Numbers, migration and origin of Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo at a wintering site on the island of Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea).] J. Ornithol. 138: 253--270. (Inst. f. Vogelforschung "Vogelwarte Helgoland", Postfach 1220, D--27494 Helgoland, Germany.)---Increased 47% per year from 1984-9; earlier arrival may be result of increasing competition in the Skagerrak and Kattegat. (German, English summ.)---P.H.B.

{B110} Garoche, J., A. Sohier, & E. Le Grall. 1997. [On the breeding biology of the Rock Pipit Anthus petrosus in Brittany.] Alauda 65: 151--154. (Chemin des Mouchets, Le Prétanné, F--22400 Morieux, France.)---Third "normal" brood. (French, Engl. summ.)---G.O.

{B110} Górski, W., & B. Kotlarz. 1997. Changes and breeding ecology in an urban population of the Magpie Pica pica in Slupsk, NW Poland. Acta Ornith. 32: 61--67. (Dept. Zool., Ped. Univ., Arciszewskiego 22b, 76--200 Slupsk, Poland.)---Population increased 9.8% per year, winter mortality 12.2%.---J.P.

{B110} Halupka, L. 1996. Breeding ecology of the Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) in Biebrza marshes (NE Poland). Ornis Hungarica 6: 9--14. (Dept. Avian Ecol., Univ. Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland.)---Population density, clutch size and breeding success.---T.S.

{B110} Heiniger, P. H. 1991. [Adaptations of the Snow Finch Montifringilla nivalis to its cold-dominated Alpine environment.] Ornithol. Beob. 88:193--207. (Rothpletzstr. 1, CH--5000 Aarau, Switzerland.)---Habitat utilization, roosting and foraging sites. (German, Engl. summ.)---M.G.

{B110} Holden, T., & J. Young. 1997. Blackgame, Pheasant and Partridge feeding and roosting in a cornstack with passerines. Scott. Bird News 46: 10. [No address given.]---Tetrao tetrix, Phasianus colchicus, Perdix perdix, cold winter.---P.J.C.

{B110} Kapanen, M. 1997. Finnish Birds 5. Broad-billed Sandpiper. Alula 3: 54--55. (c/o Alula, P.O. Box 85, FIN--02271 Espoo, Finland.)---General paper on Limicola falcinellus in Finland.---E.H.

{B110} Kersten, M. 1996. Time and energy budgets of Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus occupying territories of different quality. Ardea 84 A: 291--310. (Zool. Lab., Univ. Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.)---Low quality leapfrog territories require higher level of parental effort for successful reproduction than high quality resident territories.---R.G.B.

{B110} Kortlandt, A. 1995. Patterns of pair-formation and nest-building in the European Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis. Ardea 83 (1): 11--25. (88 Woodstock Rd., Oxford OX2 7ND, UK.)---Sex-specific ontogeny and seasonal patterns of nesting behavior.---R.G.B.

{B110} Kullberg, C. 1998. Does diurnal variation in body mass affect take-off ability in wintering Willow Tits? Anim. Behav. 56: 227--233. (Dept. Zool., Stockholm Univ., S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.)---Not in Parus montanus.---A.K.T.

{B110} Lahti, K. 1997. Social status and survival strategies in the Willow Tit Parus montanus. Ph.D. dissert., Univ. Oulu. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Oulu, PO Box 333, FIN--90571, Oulu, Finland.)---Behaviors which influence individual survival, notable social dominance, food hoarding and length of daily active period.---L.B.

{B110} Leconte, M., & J. Som. 1996. [Breeding biology of the Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus in the western Pyrenees.] Alauda 64: 135--148. (Univ. Bordeaux 1, Ctr. Ecol. Montagnarde de Gabas, F--64440 Laruns, France.)---Reestablishment of breeding population and summary of breeding parameters from 777 clutches. (French, Engl. summ.)---G.O.

{B110} Michard, D., et al. [Biology and behavior of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia revealed by an electronic system.] Alauda 65: 53--58. (C.N.R.S., 23 rue Becquerel, F--67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.) (French, Engl. summ.)

{B110} Moller, A. P. 1992. Parasites differentially increase the degree of fluctuating asymmetry in secondary sexual characters. J. Evol. Biol. 5: 691--699. (Dept. Zool., Uppsala Univ., Villavagen 9, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.)---Degree of asymmetry in secondary sexual bilateral characters in Hirundo rustica was correlated with mite load in nest during previous year.

{B110} Møller, A. P., & J. T. Nielsen. 1997. Differential predation cost of a secondary sexual character: Sparrowhawk predation on Barn Swallows. Anim. Behav. 54: 1545--1551. (Lab. d’Écol., CNRS URA 258, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Bat A, 7 quai St. bernard, Case 237, F7-75252 Paris Cedex, France.)---In breeding season, male Hirundo rustica captured by Accipiter nisus had shorter, more asymmetric tails than survivors.---A.K.T.

{B110} Monoghan, P., et al. 1994. Effects of prey abundance on the foraging behaviour, diving efficiency and time allocation of breeding Guillemots Uria aalge. Ibis 136: 214--222. (Appl. Ornithol. Unit, Dept. Zool., Univ. Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.)

{B110} Nebel, D., A. Duquesne, & G. Juin. 1996. [Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos in Mont Vallier réserve (Ariège, France) 1987--1995.] Alauda 64: 179--186. (O.N.F., Réserve du Mont Vallier, Maison forestière no. 1, F--09140 Seix, France.)---Behavior at nest and breeding parameters. (French, Engl. summ.)---G.O.

{B110} Peiro, I. G. 1995. Patterns of abundance, body-mass dynamics and habitat use of Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus in two reedbeds of south-eastern Spain. Ringing Migr. 16: 100--108. (c/ E1 Salvador, 17 4 D.03203 Elche (Alicante), Spain.)

{B110} Perrins, C. M., & R. H. McCleery. 1994. Competition and egg-weight in the Great Tit Parus major. Ibis 136: 454--456. (Dept. Zool., Oxford Univ., South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.)---Egg weight inversely correlated with density of Parus caeruleus.---J.V.B.

{B110} Phillips, R. A., R. W. G. Caldow, & R. W. Furness. 1996. The influence of food availability on the breeding effort and reproductive success of Arctic Skuas Stercorarius parasiticus. Ibis 138: 410--419. (Appl. Ornithol. Unit, Zool. Dept., Glasgow Univ., Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.)---In relation to availability of sandeels Ammodytes marinus.---J.V.B.

{B110} Rolando, A. 1996. Home range and habitat selection by the Nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes during autumn in the Alps. Ibis 138: 384--390. (Dipt. di Biol. Anim., Univ. di Torino, via Accademia Albertina 17, I--10123 Torino, Italy.)

{B110} Ruusila, v., & h. Pöysö. 1998. Shared and unshared parental investment in the precocial Goldeneye (Aves: Anatidae). Anim. Behav. 55: 307--312. (Lab. Ecol. Anim. Syst., Dept. Biol., Univ. Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.)---Antipredator behaviour by female Bucephala clangula. was independent of, but intraspecific aggression increased with, brood size.---A.K.T.

{B110} Salvig, J. C. 1995. Migratory movements and mortality of Danish Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta. Ringing Migr. 16: 79--90. (Falstersgade 50, DK--8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.)---Analysis of 440 recoveries.---P.C.L.

{B110} Siikamäki, P. 1996. Nestling growth and mortality of Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca in relation to weather and breeding effort. Ibis 138: 471--478. (Dept. Biol., Konnevesi Res. Stn., Univ. Jyväskylä, Box 35, FIN--40351 Jyväskylä, Finland.)---Mortality greatest during rainy weather and in enlarged clutches.---J.V.B.

{B110} Strebel, S. 1991. [Breeding biology and feeding ecology of a Swiss Jackdaw Corvus monedula colony.] Ornithol. Beob. 88: 217--242. (Route du Pavy 19, CH--1768 Sugiez, Switzerland.) (German, Engl. summ.)

{B110} Triplet, P., J. Durant, & S. Bacquet. 1997. [Breeding of the Lapwing Vanellus vanellus and agricultural practices.] Alauda 65: 121--130. (Réserve Nat. Baie de Somme (SMACOPI), 1 place Amiral Courbet, F--80100 Abbeville, France.)---Comparison of breeding sites, densities, and breeding success. (French, Engl. summ.)---G.O.

{B110} Tsachalidis, E., & N. Papageorgiou. 1996. Distribution, status and breeding of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Greece. Avocetta 20: 101--106. (Dept. For. Drama, Lab. Ecol. Wildl. Manage., Technol. Educ. Inst. Kavala, 66100 Drama, Greece.)

{B110} Tyler, G. 1996. The ecology of the Corncrake with special reference to the effect of mowing on breeding production. Ph.D. dissert., Univ. College Cork. (Dept. Zool. & Anim. Ecol., Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland.)---Crex crex.

{B110} Tyler, G. A., et al. 1996. Sex differences in the behaviour and measurements of Corncrakes Crex crex in Scotland. Ringing Migr. 17: 15--19. (RSPB, 17 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh EH7 5BN, UK.)---Only females incubate and care for young, only males sing. Measurements separate 96% correctly.---P.C.L.

{B110} Uttley, J. D., et al. 1994. The effects of food abundance on breeding performance and adult time budgets of Guillemots Uria aalge. Ibis 136: 205--213. (Scottish Nat. Heritage, 2-4 Alexandra Bldg., Lerwick, Shetland ZE1 0LL, UK.)

{B110} Valle, R., M. Vettorel, & A. D'Este. 1995. Status and breeding biology of the Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) along the northern Adriatic coastline (Italy). Gerfaut 85: 37--40. (Castello 618/E, I-30122 Venezia, Italy.)

{B110} van Eerden, M. R., K. Koffijberg, & M. Platteeuw, Eds. 1995. Riding the crest of the wave. Ardea 83: (1). (Netherlands Ornithol. Union, c/o T. Boudewijn, Akelei 42, 4102 JM Culemborg, Netherlands.)---32 papers dealing with Phalacrocorax carbo biology in Europe, listed separately in this ROL issue.---R.G.B.

{B110} Veistola, S., E. Lehikoinen, & L. Iso%Iivari. 1995. Breeding biology of the Great Tit Parus major in a marginal population in northernmost Finland. Ardea 83: 419--420. (Lab. Ecol. Zool., Dept. Biol., Univ. Turku, FIN--20500, Finland.)

{B110} Wright, P. M. 1997. Distribution, site occupancy and breeding success of the Merlin Falco columbarius on Barbon Moor and Fell, North Yorkshire. Bird Study 44: 182--193. (32 Tarn Moor Cres., Skipton, North Yorks., BD23 1LT, UK.)---Mean density equivalent to 12 pairs/100 km² with 3.4 young/successful pair and 85% nests producing at least one fledgling.---D.W.

{B110} Zwarts, L., et al. 1996. Seasonal and annual variation in body weight, nutrient stores and mortality of Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus. Ardea 84 A: 327--356. (Rijkswaterstaat IJsselmeergebied, P.O. Box 600, 8200 AP Lelystad, Netherlands.)---Winter mortality similar between sexes, except during cold spells when more males leave Dutch Wadden Sea and are killed by French hunters.---R.G.B.

{B112} García, G. A. 1992. [Observations conducted on some birds of the Biosphere Reserve "Cuchillas del Toa" (Guantanomo-Holguin), Cuba.] El Pitirre 5(2): 2--4. (Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat., A.P. No. 20, San Antonio de los Baños, La Habana 2, Cuba.)---(Spanish.)

{B112} Seavy, N. E., et al. 1998. Breeding biology and behavior of the Plumbeous Kite. Wilson Bull. 110: 77--85. (D. F. Whitacre: Peregrine Fund, 566 W. Flying Hawk Ln., Boise, ID 83709, USA; EM: dwhitacre@peregrinefund.org)---Ictinia plumbea.

{B114} Nastase, A. J., & D. A. Sherry. 1997. Effect of brood mixing on location and survivorship of juvenile Canada Geese. Anim. Behav. 54: 503--507. (114 Weyandt Hall, Indiana Univ. Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA.)---Mixed broods of Branta canadensis improved survivorship of goslings.---A.K.T.

{B116} Ashkenazi, S., & Y. Yom-Tov. 1997. The breeding biology of the Black-crowned Night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and the Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) at the Huleh Nature Reserve, Israel. J. Zool. 242: 623--641. (Ecol. & Nat. Conserv., PO Box 1057, Rosh Pina 12100, Israel.)---Detailed study in a mixed species breeding colony.---J.V.B.

{B116} Chabi, Y., & P. Isenmann. 1997. [Breeding biology of the North African Blue Tit Parus caeruleus ultramarinus in Cork-Oak Quercus suber forests at three different altitudes.] Alauda 65: 13--18. (Dept. Biol. Anim., Inst. Sci. de la Vie, Univ. Annaba, B.P. 12, DZ--Annaba, Algeria.)---Breeding parameters and comparison with other Mediterranean areas. (French, Engl. summ.)---G.O.

{B116} Erez, A., & Y. Yom-Tov. 1995. Reproduction of a Hooded Crow Corvus corone population in Israel. Ardea 83: 405--409. (Zool. Dept., Tel Aviv Univ., Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.)

{B116} Launay, R., R. A. Loughland & E. Mukhina. 1997. Preliminary observations of the incubation and covey behaviour of Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii. Sandgrouse 19 (1): 51--55. (N.A.R.C., P. O. Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.)---In Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.---P.J.C.

{B116} Newton, S. F., & A. V. Newton. 1996. Breeding biology and seasonal abundance of Lappet-faced Vultures Torgos tracheliotus in western Saudi Arabia. Ibis 138: 675--683. (Natl. Comm. Wildl. Conserv. & Development, NWRC, PO Box 1086, Taif, Saudi Arabia.)

{B118} Belthoff, J. R., & A. M. Dufty, Jr. 1998. Corticosterone, body condition and locomotor activity: a model for dispersal in Screech-owls. Anim. Behav. 55: 405--415. (Dept. Biol., Boise State Univ., Boise, ID 83725, U.S.A.)---Captive juvenile Otus asio, Otus kennicottii.---A.K.T.

{B118} Bruggink, J. G., et al. 1994. Nesting and brood-rearing ecology of Mississippi Valley population Canada Geese. Wildl. Monogr. 126: 1--39. (Dept. Biol., North. Michigan Univ., Marquette, MI 49855, USA.)---Branta canadensis interior.

{B118} Doyle, T. J. 1997. Timberline Sparrow, Spizella (breweri) taverneri, in Alaska, with notes on breeding habitat and vocalizations. West. Birds 28: 1--12. (Tetlin NWR, P.O. Box 779, Tok, AK 99780, USA.)---Extends known breeding range 100 km to the northwest. Useful notes on field identification.---K.C.M.

{B118} Gray, D. A. 1996. Carotenoids and sexual dichromatism in North American passerine birds. Am. Nat. 148: 453--480. (Dept. Biol., 167 Castetter Hall, Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; EM: nodster@carina.unm.edu)---Sexual dichromatism and carotenoid-derived plumage coloration analyzed by phylogenetic statistical methods; correlations significant in Passerines as a whole and 3 of 5 passerine sub-clades. Sexual selection may have promoted expression of a condition-dependent honest indicator of phenotypic quality.---J.R.F.

{B118} Lanctot, R. B., et al. 1998. Male traits, mating tactics and reproductive success in the Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis. Anim. Behav. 56: 419--432. (US Geol. Surv., Biol. Res. Div., Alaska Biol. Sci. Ctr., 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage AK 99503, USA.)

{B118} Leary, A. W., R. Mazaika, & M. J. Bechard. 1998. Factors affecting the size of Ferruginous Hawk home ranges. Wilson Bull. 110: 198--205. (Missouri Natl. Guard, NGMO-EMN, 2302 Militia Dr., Jefferson City, MO 65101, USA; EM: LearyA@mo-arng.ngb.army.mil)---Buteo regalis range size was not related to brood size; however, distance from nest site to nearest hunting area was significant. Most males had distinct core areas around nest and in hunting area.---J.J.Dos.

{B118} Linville, S. U., R. Breitwisch, & A. J. Schilling. 1998. Plumage brightness as an indicator of parental care in Northern Cardinals. Anim. Behav. 55: 119--127. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469-2320, U.S.A.)---Cardinalis cardinalis.

{B118} Mabb, K. T. 1997. Nesting behavior of Amazona parrots and Rose-ringed Parakeets in the San Gabriel Valley, California. West. Birds 28: 209--217. (6213 N. Cloverly Ave., Temple City, CA 91780, USA.)---Nest-site characteristics and productivity of Amazona viridigenalis, Amazona finschi, and Psittacula krameri in a suburban neighborhood.---K.C.M.

{B118} Meek, S. B., & R. J. Robertson. 1994. Effects of male removal on the behaviour and reproductive success of female Eastern Bluebirds Sialia sialis. Ibis 136: 305--312. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Can.)---Females unable to raise any young to fledging early in the season without male help.---J.V.B.

{B118} Muller, K. L., et al. 1997. The effects of conspecific attraction and habitat quality on habitat selection in territorial birds (Troglodytes aedon). Am. Nat. 150: 650--661. (Dept. Biol., Denison Univ., Granville, OH 43023, USA; EM: muller@denison.edu)---First empirical evidence that birds prefer to settle near conspecifics.---J.R.F.

{B118} Pravosudov, V. V., & T. C. Grubb, Jr. 1998. Management of fat reserves in Tufted Titmice, Baeolophus bicolor, in relation to risk of predation. Anim. Behav. 56: 59--64. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Purdue Univ., West Lafeyette, IN 47907, USA.)

{B118} Ramstack, J. M., M. T. Murphy, & M. R. Palmer. 1998. Comparative reproductive biology of three species of swallows in a common environment. Wilson Bull. 110: 233--243. (MTM: Dept. Biol., Hartwick Coll., Oneonta, NY 13820, USA; EM: murphym@hartwick.edu)---Clutch size, number of broods per year, and patterns of nestling growth varied among Tachycineta bicolor, Hirundo rustica, and Petrochelidon pyrrhonota.---J.J.Dos.

{B118} Richardson, C. T., & C. K. Miller. 1997. Recommendations for protecting raptors from human disturbance: a review. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25: 634--638. (Dept. EPO Biol., Univ. Colorado, Campus Box 334, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA.).---More studies that experimentally document disturbance distances for use in buffer zone recommendations are needed; Accipiter spp., Aquila chrysaetos, Buteo spp., Falco spp., Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Pandion haliaetus.---W.P.J.

{B118} Robertson, G. J., et al. 1998. Moult speed predicts pairing success in male Harlequin Ducks. Anim. Behav. 55: 1677--1684. (ACWERN, PO Box 45111, Univ. New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Can.)---Histrionicus histrionicus.

{B118} Rodway, M. S., et al. 1998. Discovery of a Harlequin Duck nest in eastern North America. Wilson Bull. 110: 282--285. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Can.; EM: msrodway@sfu.ca)---Breeding phenology, nest-site description, and brood amalgamation of Histrionicus histrionicus; 1^st confirmed nesting in Labrador.---J.J.Dos.

{B118} Schoech, S. J. 1998. Physiology of helping in Florida Scrub-Jays. Am. Sci. 86: 70--77. (Dept. Biol., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.)---Prolactin may play a role in cooperative breeding behavior of Aphelocoma coerulescens.---V.M.D.

{B118} Thompson, C. W., et al. 1997. High parasite load in House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) is correlated with reduced expression of a sexually selected trait. Am. Nat. 149: 270--294. (Dept. Zool., Box 351800, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.)---Long-term monitoring (via mark-recapture) shows mite and pox infections during molt reduce bright male plumage, supporting good genes models.---J.R.F.

{B118} Wilson, R. R., & R. J. Cooper. 1998. Breeding biology of Acadian Flycatchers in a bottomland hardwood forest. Wilson Bull. 110: 226--232. (USGS, Patuxent Wildl. Res. Ctr., 2524 S. Frontage Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA; EM: Randy_Wilson@usgs.gov)---Predation and Molothrus ater parasitism (21% of nests) accounted for 75% and 7% of Empidonax virescens nest failures respectively.---J.J.Dos.

{B118} Wortman-Wunder, E. 1997. Territory size in Lincoln's Sparrows (Melospiza lincolnii). Southwest. Nat. 42: 446--453. (1804 W. LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.)---Peripheral territories in Colorado averaged 4,800 m², central territories 2,300 m².---J.J.D.

{B120} Eguchi, K., & M. Takeishi. 1997. The ecology of the Black-billed Magpie Pica pica sericea in Japan. Acta Ornith. 32: 33--37. (Dept. Biol., Fac. Sci., Kyushi Univ. 33, Fukuoka 812--81, Japan.)---Nest sites, nesting success, and breeding phenology.---J.P.

{B120} Lambeck, R. H. D., et al. 1995. Biometrics and migration of Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) from the White Sea region (NW Russia). Ringing Migr.16: 140--158. (Netherlands Inst. Ecol., Vierstr. 28, 4401 EA Yerseka, Netherlands.)

{B120} Tomkovich, P. S., & M. Y. Soloviev. 1996. Distribution, migration and biometrics of Knots Calidris canutus on Taymir, Siberia. Ardea 84: 85--98. (Zool. Mus., Moscow State Univ., Bolshaya Nikitskaya St. 6, 103009 Moscow, Russia.)---Apart from Taymir Peninsula, another as yet unknown breeding area of remains to be discovered.---R.G.B.

{B128} Kemp, A. C., & A. Vidhidharm. 1998. Breeding of the White-rumped Pygmy Falcon. Wilson Bull. 110: 71--76. (Dept. Birds, Transvaal Mus., P.O. Box 413, Pretoria, 0001, Republic of South Africa; EM: kemp@tm.up.ac.za)---Observations of Polihierax insignis in Thailand: foraging, diet, breeding behavior, and nest with eggs in woodpecker hole.---J.J.Dos.

{B130 Ortiz-Pulido, R., E. Flores C. y R. Ortiz. 1998. Descripción del nido de Doricha eliza y ampliación de su rango. [Nest and range extension for the Mexican Sheartail.] Ornitología Neotropical 9(1): (Departamento de Ecologia Vegetal, Instituto de Ecologia, AC, AP 63, 91000, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. EM: ortizrau@sun.ieco.conacyt.mx.)---Central Veracruz, Mexico. First nest record.---R.O.P.

{B130} Naranjo, L. C. 1995. Patrones de reproducción en dos poblaciones aisladas de Agelaius icterocephalus (Aves: Icteridae). [Reproductive patterns in two isolated populations of blackbirds.] Caldasia 18(86): 89--100. (Depto. Biología, Univ. del Valle, A. A. 25360, Cali, Colombia.)---A. i. bogotrense nests and forages in its territory, while A. i. icterocephalus forages outside and builds smaller nests.---C.G.S.

{B130} Willis, E. 1992. Comportamento e ecologia do Arapacu-Barrado Dendrocolaptes certhia (Aves, Dendrocolaptidae). [Behavior and ecology of the Barred Woodcreeper.] Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi ser. Zool. 8: 151--216. (Depto. Zool., Univ. Estadual de Sao Paulo -UNESP-, C.P. 178, CEP 13.500 Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil.)---Foraging and sexual behavior.---C.G.S.

{B130} Wilson, R. P., et al. 1995. Aspects of the ecology of species replacement in Humboldt and Magellanic penguins in Chile. Gerfaut 85: 49--61. Inst. Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105, Germany.)---Spheniscus humboldti, Spheniscus magellanicus.

{B300} Atienza, J. C., & J. C. Illera. 1997. Tree species selection to perform singing and foraging behaviour by Great and Blue Tits: a trade-off between food gathering and territorial behaviour? Bird Study 44: 117--119. (Dept. Biol. Animal 1 (Entomol.), Fac. Biol., Univ. Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.)---Parus major, Parus caeruleus.

{B300} Barbosa, A. 1997. The effects of predation risk on scanning and flocking behavior in Dunlin. J. Field Ornithol. 68: 607--612. (Lab. Ecol., Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai St., Bernard, Case 237. F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.)---In Calidris alpina, mean flock size, time spent scanning, and mean scan duration appear to be higher in rice fields than in littoral habitats, high-risk and low-risk situations, respectively.---R.A.I.

{B300} Buckley, N. J. 1998. Interspecific competition between vultures for preferred roost positions. Wilson Bull. 110: 122--125. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; EM: nbuckley@zoo.uvm.edu)---Corogyps atratus, Cathartes aura.

{B300} Davis, E. S. 1997. The Down-Up display of the Mallard: one display, two orientations. Anim. Behav. 53: 1025--1034. (B142 Birge Hall, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.)---Anas platyrhynchos.

{B300} Fiske, P., & T. Amundsen. 1997. Female Bluethroats prefer males with symmetric colour bands. Anim. Behav. 54: 81--87. (Dept. Zool., Norwegian Univ. Sci. & Technol., N-7055 Dragvoll, Norway.)---Luscinia s. svecica.

{B300} Gill, S. A., D. L. Neudorf, & S. G. Sealy*. 1997. Host responses to Cowbirds near the nest: cues for recognition. Anim. Behav. 53: 1287--1293. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Can.)---Female Dendroica petechia appear to recognise Molothrus ater by bill shape and vocalizations.---A.K.T.

{B300} Grønstøl, G. B. 1996. Aerobatic components in the song-flight display of male Lapwings Vanellus vanellus as cues in female choice. Ardea 84: 45--55. (Dept. Ecol., Inst. Zool., Univ. Bergen, Allégt. 41, N--5007 Bergen, Norway.)---Relatively larger wing area in males than in females may be selective response to female mate choice favoring manoeuverability.---R.G.B.

{B300} Johnsen, A., J. T. Lifjeld, & P. A. Rohde. 1997. Coloured leg bands affect male mate-guarding behaviour in the Bluethroat. Anim. Behav. 54: 121--130. (Dept. Zool., Norwegian Univ. Sci. & Technol., N-7055 Dragvoll, Norway.)---Free-living male Luscinia s. svecica with ornamental bands guarded mates less and sang more than controls with non-ornamental bands.---A.K.T.

{B300} Møller, A. P. 1996. The cost of secondary sexual characters and the evolution of cost-reducing traits. Ibis 138: 112--119. (Dept. Popul. Biol., Copenhagen Univ., Universitetsparken 15, DK--2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.)---Cost-reducing traits may coevolve with secondary sexual characters and allow more extreme sexual signaling.---J.V.B.

{B300} Moraes, V., & R. Kirul. 1995. Aspectos do comportamento do Frango-D'Agua-Comum, Gallinula chloropus (Lichtenstein) 1818 (Aves, Rallidae). [Notes on the behavior of the Common Moorhen]. Acta Biol. Leopoldensia 17: 161--166. (Centro do Estudos do Mar, Univ. Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira-mar, s/n, 83, 255-000, Pantanal do Sul, Paraná., Brazil).

{B300} Prins G. T., & R. M. Purvis. 1996. [Remarkable behaviour of a Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus.] Limosa 69: 23. (Inst. Syst. Pop. Biol., P.O. Box 94766, 1090 GT Amsterdam, Netherlands.) (Dutch, Engl. summ.)

{B300} Rehsteiner, U., H. Geisser, & H-U. Reyer. 1998. Singing and mating success in Water Pipits: one specific song element makes all the difference. Anim. Behav. 55: 1471--1481. (Zool. Inst., Univ. Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.)---Anthus spinoletta.

{B300} Rendell, W. B., & R. J. Robertson. 1994. Defense of extra nest-sites by a cavity nesting bird, the Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor. Ardea 82: 273--285. (Dept. Biol., Queen’s Univ., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Can.)---Males exhibit resource defense polygyny, females defend extra nest-sites probably to prevent or delay settlement by other females.---R.G.B.

{B300} Ruiz-Martinez, I., J. A. Hodar, & I. Camacho. 1996. [Home range and vocalizations of the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo in the Sierra Morena (south Spain).] Alauda 64: 345--353. (Fac. Cienc. Exp., Univ. de Jaén, E--23071 Jaén, Spain.)---Detailed description of 16 home ranges. (French, Engl. summ.)---G.O.

{B300} Sebbel, P., H. Düttmann, & T. Groothuis. 1998. Influence of comfort and social stimuli on a comfort movement and a display derived from it. Anim. Behav. 55: 129--137. (Inst. f. Molekularbiol. & Biophysik, ETH Hönggerberg, HPM E 13, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.)---Body shakes and whistle-shake displays of male Tadorna tadorna.---A.K.T.

{B300} Slabbekoorn, H., & C. ten Cate. 1997. Stronger territorial responses to frequency modulated coos in Collared Doves. Anim. Behav. 54: 955--965. (Sect. Ethol., Inst. Evol. Ecol. Sci., Leiden Univ., PO Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.)---Streptopelia decaocto.

{B300} Vallet, E., I. Beme, & M. Kreutzer. 1998. Two-note syllables in canary songs elicit high levels of sexual display. Anim. Behav. 55: 291--297. (Lab. Psychol. Ethol., URA CNRS 2214, Univ. Paris X-Nanterre, 92001 Nanterre Cedex, France.)---Serinus canaria.

{B300} Welling, P. 1997. Sexual behaviour, mate guarding and the dawn chorus in the Willow Tit Parus montanus. Ph.D. dissert., Univ. Oulu. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Oulu, PO Box 333, FIN--90571, Oulu, Finland.)

{B302} Cuadrado, M. 1995. Female-like plumage does not reduce aggression from adult male Black Redstarts Phoenicurus ochrurus [sic] in winter. Ardea 83: 431--434. (Dept. Anim. Ecol., Ecol. Bldg., Univ. Lund, S--223 62, Lund, Sweden.)---Phoenicurus ochruros.

{B302} Donkers, H. 1992. [Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus attacks Hobby Falco subbuteo.] Limosa 65: 172. (Sophiastraat 22, 4701 GT Roosendaal, Netherlands.)

{B302} Elfström, S. T. 1997. Fighting behaviour and strategy of Rock Pipit, Anthus petrosus, neighbours: cooperative defence. Anim. Behav. 54: 535--542. (Herbarium GB, Göteborg Univ., Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, S-413 19 Göteborg, Sweden.)---Neighbours cooperated to evict intruders on each other's territories.---A.K.T.

{B302} Höglund, J., T. Johansson, & C. Pelabon. 1997. Behaviourally mediated sexual selection: characteristics of successful male Black Grouse. Anim. Behav. 54: 255--264. (Dept. Zool., Uppsala Univ., Villavögen 9, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.)---Sexually successful male Tetrao tetrixwere more often involved in fights and defended larger than expected territories.---A.K.T.

{B302} Liker, A., & T. Székely. 1997. Aggression among female lapwings, Vanellus vanellus. Anim. Behav. 54: 797--802. (Zool. Ctr., Univ. Vet. Sci., PO Box 2, H-1400 Budapest, Hungary.)---Females attacked female conspecific dummies more than male dummies.---A.K.T.

{B302} Weston, M. A. 1998. An observation of aggression between a Hooded Plover and a Black-fronted Dotterel. Aust. Bird Watcher 17: 301--302. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia.)---Thinornis rubricollis chased Elseyornis melanops away from nest site.---I.D.E.

{B304} Bednekoff, P. A., & R. P. Balda. 1997. Clark's Nutcracker spatial memory: many errors might not be due to forgetting. Anim. Behav. 54: 691--698. (Dept. Biol., Eastern Michigan Univ., Ypsilanti, MI 48917, USA.)---In Nucifraga columbiana errors may be environmental sampling.---A.K.T.

{B304} Nelson, D. A. 1998. External validity and experimental design: the sensitive phase for song learning. Anim. Behav. 56: 487--491. (Borror Lab. Bioacoustics, Dept. Zool., 1735 Neil Ave., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210-1293, USA.)---Disputes results of previous experiments about duration of sensitive phase for song learning in Zonotrichia leucophrys with live and tape tutors.---A.K.T.

{B304} Nelson, D. A., et al. 1997. The timing of song memorization differs in males and females: a new assay for avian vocal learning. Anim. Behav. 54: 587--597. (Dept. Zool., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210-1293, USA.)---After Zonotrichia leucophrys were tutored with conspecific songs, call notes given in response to playback of tutor were compared with novel songs.---A.K.T.

{B304} Templeton, J. J. 1998. Learning from others’ mistakes: a paradox revisited. Anim. Behav. 55: 79--85. (Dept. Biol., Bowdoin Coll., Brunswick, MA 04011, U.S.A.)---In Sturnus vulgaris, learning more effective when foraging companion made incorrect foraging decisions.---A.K.T.

{B306} Bethge, P., et al. 1997. Diving behaviour and energetics in breeding Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor). J. Zool. 242: 483--502. (Dept. Anat. & Physiol., Univ. Tasmania, GPO Box 252-24, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.)---Based on energetic costs of various diving behaviors, yearly food requirements calculated to total 114 kg.---J.V.B.

{B306} Lea, S. E. G., et al. 1996. Diving patterns in shags and cormorants (Phalacrocorax): tests of an optimal breathing model. Ibis 138: 391--398. (Dept. Psychol., Univ. Exeter, Washington Singer Lab., Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.)---Comparative study between Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Phalacrocorax carbo and Phalacrocorax varius.---J.V.B.

{B306} Walton, P., G. D. Ruxton,* & P. Monaghan. 1998. Avian diving, respiratory physiology and the marginal value theorem. Anim. Behav. 56: 165--174. (Div. Environ. & Evol. Biol., Graham Kerr Bdg, Univ. Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.)---Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Cepphus grylle, Uria aalge.

{B306} Weimerskirch, H., & P. M. Sagar. 1996. Diving depths of Sooty Shearwaters Puffinus griseus. Ibis 138: 786--788. (C.E.B.C.-C.N.R.S., 79360 Beauvoir, France.)

{B306} Wilson, R. P., & M. P. Wilson. 1995. Buoyancy and depth utilisation in foraging Cormorants: wet feathers and that sinking feeling. Gerfaut 85: 41--47. (Inst. Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105, Germany.)---Phalacrocorax carbo, Phalacrocorax neglectus, Phalacrocorax capensis, Phalacrocorax coronatus.---J.I.

{B308} Barbosa, A. 1996. Relationship between bill morphology and preening behaviour in waders. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 8: 291--296. (Dept. Ecol. Evol., Mus. Cienc. Nat., CSIC, c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.)---Bill length, but not width, depth or curvature, related to time spent preening.---A.S.

{B308} Hinsley, S. A., & P. N. Ferns. 1994. Time and energy budgets of breeding males and females in sandgrouse Pterocles species. Ibis 136: 261--270. (Sch. Pure & Appl. Biol., Univ. Wales, PO Box 915, Cardiff CF1 3TL, UK.)

{B308} Huber-Eicher, B., & B. Wechsler. 1997. Feather pecking in chicks: its relation to dustbathing and foraging. Anim. Behav. 54: 757--768. (Abt. Sozial-& Nutztierethol., Zool. Inst., Univ. Bern, Wohlenstr. 50a, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.)---Gallus domesticus.

{B308} Huber-Eicher, B., & Wechsler, B. 1998. The effect of quality and availability of foraging materials on feather pecking in laying hen chicks. Anim. Behav. 55: 861--873. (Abt. Sozial-& Nutztierethologie, Zool. Inst., Univ. Bern, Ethologische Stn. Hasli, Wohlenstr. 50a, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.)---Feather pecking in Gallus domesticus appears to be redirected foraging behaviour.---A.K.T.

{B308} Mabb, K. T. 1997. Roosting behavior of naturalized parrots in the San Gabriel Valley, California. West. Birds 28: 202--208. (6213 N. Cloverly Ave., Temple City, CA 91780, USA.)---Amazona viridigenalis, Amazona finschi, Psittacula krameri, Aratinga mitrata, Aratinga erythrogenys.

{B308} Nuijen, H. 1992. [Long-eared Owls Asio otus taking a sandbath.] Limosa 65: 125. (van Hogendorplaan 10, 1215 EH Hilversum, Netherlands.) (Dutch, Engl. summ.)

{B308} Reymond, A., & O. Zuchuat. 1995. Perch fidelity of Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo outside the breeding season. Ardea 83 (1): 281--284. (Swiss Inst. Exp. Cancer Res., CH--1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.)---Perch fidelity increases with age of Cormorant, and is not correlated with duration of stay.---R.G.B.

{B308} Sellers, R. M. 1995. Wing-spread behaviour of the Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo. Ardea 83 (1): 27--36. (Rose Cottage, Ragnall Ln., Walkley Wood, Nailsworth, Glos. GL6 0RU, UK.)---Dries the wings and ultimately conserves metabolic energy.---R.G.B.

{B308} Wenny, D. 1998. Three-striped Warbler (Basileuterus tristriatus) "anting" with a caterpillar. Wilson Bull. 110: 128--131. (223 Bartram Hall, Dept. Zool., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; EM: danwenny@zoo.ufl.edu)

{B310} Cardoso, M. Z. 1997. Testing chemical defence based on pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Anim. Behav. 54: 985--991. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1064, USA.)---Monocrotaline was unpalatable to Pileated Finch, Coryphospingus pileatus.---A.K.T.

{B310} Dawkins, M. S., & A. Woodington. 1997. Distance and the presentation of visual stimuli in birds. Anim. Behav. 54: 1019--1025. (Dept. Zool., S. Pks. Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.)---Discrimination by Gallus domesticus with real objects and photographs was better close up.

{B310} Fotheringham, J. R., P. R. Martin, & L. Ratcliffe*. 1997. Song transmission and auditory perception of distance in wood warblers. Anim. Behav. 53: 1271--1285. (Dept. Biol., Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Can.)---Dendroica petechia, Geothlypis trichas, Seiurus aurocapillus, Setophaga ruticilla responded more intensely to playback of undegraded than of degraded songs.---A.K.T.

{B310} Hunt, S., et al. 1997. Ultraviolet vision and band-colour preferences in female Zebra Finches, Taeniopygia guttata. Anim. Behav. 54: 1383--1392. (Sch. Biol. Sci., Univ. Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK.)---Females did not show a colour preference in the absence of UV light.---A.K.T.

{B310} Koivula, M., E. Korpimöki, & J. Viitala. 1997. Do Tengmalm’s Owls see vole scent marks visible in ultraviolet light? Anim. Behav. 54: 873--877. (Lab. Ecol. Zool., Dept. Biol., Univ. Turku, FIN-00214 Turku Finland.)---In the laboratory, Aegolius funereus did not prefer to hunt in areas marked with vole urine and faeces in UV light.---A.K.T.

{B310} Marples, N. M., & Roper, T. J. 1997. Response of domestic chicks to methyl anthranilate odour. Anim. Behav. 53: 1263--1270. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Dublin, Trinity Coll., Dublin 2, Ireland.)---As this odour influences learning, denatonium benzoate is suggested as an odourless alternative for use as a punishing stimulus in passive-avoidance learning studies.---A.K.T.

{B310} Naguib, M., & D. Todt. 1997. Effects of dyadic vocal interactions on other conspecific receivers in Nightingales. Anim. Behav. 54: 1535--1543. (Inst. Verhaltensbiol., Freie Univ. Berlin, 12163 Berlin, Germany.)---Luscinia megarhynchos.

{B310} Nelson, B. S., & P. K. Stoddard*. 1998. Accuracy of auditory distance and azimuth perception by a passerine bird in natural habitat. Anim. Behav. 56: 467--477. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Florida Int. Univ., Miami, FL 33199, USA.)---Pipilo erythrophthalmus.

{B310} Patterson-Kane, E., et al. 1997. Limited perception of video images by domestic hens. Anim. Behav. 53: 951--963. (T. M. Foster, Dept. Psychol., Univ. Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand.)---Gallus domesticus.

{B310} Roper, T. J., & N. M. Marples. 1997. Odour and colour as cues for taste-avoidance learning in domestic chicks. Anim. Behav. 53: 1241--1250. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.)---Almond odour enhanced taste-avoidance learning in Gallus domesticus and had a greater effect than colour.---A.K.T.

{B312} Applegate, F. D. 1998. Greater Prairie-chickens displaying in tree on lek. Wilson Bull. 110: 120--121. (Kansas Dept. Wildl. Parks, P.O. Box 1525, Emporia, KS 66801-1525, USA.)---Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus.

{B312} Baines, D. 1996. Seasonal variation in lek attendance and lekking behaviour by male Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix. Ibis 138: 177--180. (Upland Res. Group, Game Conserv. Trust, Crubenmore Lodge, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire PH20 1BE, UK.)---Attends leks year-round, most often in April.---J.V.B.

{B312} Baltz, A. P., & A. B. Clark*. 1997. Extra-pair courtship behaviour of male budgerigars and the effect of an audience. Anim. Behav. 53: 1017--1024. (Dept. Biol. Sci., Binghamton Univ., Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.)---Male Melopsittacus undulatus were more likely to court other females when their mate could not see them.---A.K.T.

{B312} Belton, W. 1996. Copulatory stance of the Purple-throated Carib, Eulampis jugularis. El Pitirre 9(1): 3. (HCR 62, Box 162B, Great Cacapon, WV 25422-9734, USA.).

{B312} Bottazzo, M., & P. F. De Franceschi. 1996. [Characteristics of Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix leks in the Tarvisio forest (Oriental Alps).] Avocetta 20: 33--39. (Azienda Reg. Foreste, Via I. Nievo 2, 37128 Verona, Italy.) (Italian, Engl. summ.)

{B312} Castro, I., et al. 1996. Polygynandry, face-to-face copulation and sperm competition in the Hihi Notiomystis cincta (Aves Meliphagidae). Ibis 138: 765--771. (Dept. Ecol., Massey Univ., PO Box 11-222, Palmerston North, NZ.)---Unique manner of copulation may be a form of forced copulation by males.---J.V.B.

{B312} Chandler, C. R., E. D. Ketterson, & V. Nolan, Jr. 1997. Effects of testosterone on use of space by male Dark-eyed Juncos when their mates are fertile. Anim. Behav. 54: 543--549. (Dept. Biol., Georgia Southern Univ., Statesboro, GA 30460-8042, USA.)---No effects in Junco hyemalis.---A.K.T.

{B312} Davis, L. S., et al. 1998. Reciprocal homosexual mounting in Adélie Penguins Pygoscelis adeliae. Emu 98: 136--137. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.)---Discusses single observation of homosexual behaviour by 2 males.---W.K.S.

{B312} Delehanty, D. J., et al. 1998. Sex-role reversal and the absence of extra-pair fertilization in Wilson's Phalaropes. Anim. Behav. 55: 995--1002. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.)---Phalaropus tricolor.

{B312} Endler, J. A., & M. Théry. 1996. Interacting effects of lek placement, display behavior, ambient light, and color patterns in three Neotropical forest-dwelling birds. Am. Nat. 148: 421--452. (Dept. Zool., James Cook Univ., Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia; EM: John.Endler@JCU.edu.au)---Studies with Rupicola rupicola, Corapipo gutturalis, and Lepidothrix serena show each species places its lek and performs displays in only 1 or 2 of available light environments to maximize contrast during display but minimize contrast when not displaying.---J.R.F.

{B312} Evans, M. R. 1997. The influence of habitat and male morphology on a mate-choice cue: the display nests of Wrens. Anim. Behav. 54: 485--491. (Dept. Biol. & Molec. Sci., Univ. Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.)---Troglodytes troglodytes.

{B312} Frith, C. B., G. Borgia, & D. W. Frith. 1996. Courts and courtship behaviour of Archbold's Bowerbird Archboldia papuensis in Papua New Guinea. Ibis 138: 204--211. ("Prionodura," PO Box 581, Malanda, Qld., Australia, 4885.)

{B312} Frost, D. 1997. Observations on the display behaviour of winter plumaged Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica. Emirates Bird Report 19: 125. (1 Shakespeare Rd., St Ives, Cambs PE17 4TR, UK.)

{B312} Galef, B. G., Jr, & D. J. White. 1998. Mate-choice copying in Japanese Quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Anim. Behav. 55: 545--552. (Dept. Psychol., McMaster Univ., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Can.).

{B312} Gowaty, P. A. 1997. Principles of females' perspectives in avian behavioral ecology. J. Avian Biol. 28: 95--102. (Inst. Ecol. & Women's Stud. Prog., Inst. Ecol., 711 Biol. Sci. Bldg., Univ. Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2602, USA. EM: gowaty@ecology.uga.edu)---Ten facts and myths about females.---R.T.B.

{B312} Höglund, J., & S. Stöhr. 1997. A non-lekking population of Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix. J. Avian Biol. 28: 184--187. (Dept. Zool., Uppsala Univ., Villavägen 9, S--752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. EM: jacob.hoglund@zoologi.uu.se)---A result of low population density and suitable display sites.---R.T.B.

{B312} Jennions, M. D. 1998. The effect of leg band symmetry on female-male association in Zebra Finches. Anim. Behav. 55: 61--67. (Smithson. Trop. Res. Inst., Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948, U.S.A.)---No effect on female preference for male Taeniopygia guttata.

{B312} Lifjeld, J. T., T. Slagsvold, & H. Ellegren. 1997. Experimental mate switching in Pied Flycatchers: male copulatory access and fertilization success. Anim. Behav. 53: 1225--1232. (Zool. Mus., Univ. Oslo, Sars gate 1, N-0562 Oslo, Norway.)---Ficedula hypoleuca.

{B312} Ligon, J.. D., R. Kimball, & M. Merola-Zwartjes. 1998. Mate choice by female red junglefowl: the issues of multiple ornaments and fluctuating asymmetry. Anim. Behav. 55: 41--50. (Dept. Biol., Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, U.S.A.)---Gallus gallus.

{B312} Lovell-Mansbridge, C., & T. R. Birkhead*. 1998. Do female Pigeons trade pair copulations for protection? Anim. Behav. 56: 235--241. (Dept. Anim. & Plant Sci., Univ. Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.)---Columba livia females separated from their mates were harassed by other males.---A.K.T.

{B312} Marcondes M., L. O. 1994. Biologia e comportamento de Tiaris fulginosa [sic.] (Wied, 1831) em cativerio (Paseriformes, Emberizidae). [Biology and behavior of Tiaris fuliginosa in captivity.] Iheringia Ser. Zool. 77: 15--23. (Depto. Zool., Univ. Estadual de Campinas [UNICAMP]. C.P. 6109, CEP: 13081-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil.).

{B312} Merrifield, K. 1996. Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator) courtship displays in Lincoln County, Oregon. Northwest. Nat. 77: 19. (Dept. Bot. Plant Pathol., Oregon State Univ., 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, USA.)---Observations 1991--1995 showed display occurred only in late Mar and early Feb; a previously undocumented display recorded.---R.B.C.

{B312} Pinxten, R., & M. Eens. 1997. Copulation and mate-guarding patterns in polygynous European Starlings. Anim. Behav. 54: 45--58. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Antwerp, UIA, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.)---Sturnus vulgaris.

{B312} Poldmaa, T., & K. Holder. 1997. Behavioural correlates of monogamy in the Noisy Miner, Manorina melanocephala. Anim. Behav. 54: 571--578. (Dept. Biol., Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Can.)---Females within breeding groups associate and copulate with a single male.---A.K.T.

{B312} Poston, J. P. 1997. Mate choice and competition for mates in the Boat-tailed Grackle. Anim. Behav. 54: 525--534. (Sch. Biol. Sci., Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.)---Quiscalus major.

{B312} Rintamöki, P. T., et al. 1997. Fluctuating asymmetry and copulation success in lekking Black Grouse. Anim. Behav. 54: 265--269. (Dept. Zool., Uppsala Univ., Villavögen 9, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.)---Male Tetrao tetrix with territories on the edge of leks had less copulation success and more asymmetric tarsi than central birds.---A.K.T.

{B312} Roulin, A. 1996. [Incest in the Barn Owl Tyto alba.] Alauda 64: 458--459. (Inst. Zool., Univ. de Berne, CH--3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.)---3 incestuous pairs. (French.)---G.O.

{B312} Tobias, M. C., & G. E. Hill*. 1998. A test of sensory bias for long tails in the House Finch. Anim. Behav. 56: 71--78. (Dept. Zool. & Wildl. Sci., 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL 36849, USA.)---Female Carpodacus mexicanus did not prefer males with artificially lengthened tails.---A.K.T.

{B312} Villarroel, M., D. M. Bird, & U. Kuhnlein. 1998. Copulatory behaviour and paternity in the American Kestrel: the adaptive significance of frequent copulations. Anim. Behav. 56: 289--299. (Depto. Ingenieria Eletrónica y Comunicaciones, Centro Politécnico Superior, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain.)---Copulations may help in mate assessment in Falco sparverius as they occur outside fertile period and both sexes solicit them.---A.K.T.

{B312} Wagner, R. H., & E. S. Morton. 1997. Sexual selection for delayed size maturation in a bird exhibiting delayed plumage maturation. J. Avian Biol. 28: 143--149. (Dept. Biol., York Univ., North York, ON, M3J 1P3, Can. EM: RWAGNER@YORKU.CA)---Purple Martin, Progne subis.

{B314} Buckley, N. J. 1997. Spatial effects and the importance of local enhancement in the evolution of colonial breeding in seabirds. Am. Nat. 149: 1091--1112. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0086, USA; EM: nbuckley@zoo.uvm.edu)---Simulation examines role of foraging behavior in the evolution of colonial breeding.---J.R.F.

{B314} Caldow, R. W. G., & J. D. Goss-Custard. 1996. Temporal variation in the social rank of adult Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus. Ardea 84 A: 389--399. (Inst. Terrestrial Ecol., Furzebrook Res. Stn., Wareham, Dorset BH20 5AS, UK.)---Changes in dominance score result in changes in intake rate of between -10% and +12%, but effect on fitness unknown.---R.G.B.

{B314} Emlen, S. T. 1996. Living with relatives: Lessons from avian family systems. Ibis 138: 87--100. (Sect. Neurobiol. & Beh., Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, USA.)---Review of current thinking about evolution of families and the social dynamics expected among family members.---J.V.B.

{B314} Ens, B. J. 1994. [The career decisions of the Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus.] Limosa 67: 53--67. (Zool. Lab., Univ. Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.)---Summarizes major findings of 7-year study of social behavior. (Dutch, Engl. summ.)---R.G.B.

{B314} Freire, R., M. C. Appleby, & B. O. Hughes. 1997. Assessment of pre-laying motivation in the domestic hen using social interaction. Anim. Behav. 54: 313--319. (Dept. Clin. Vet. Sci., Univ. Bristol, Langford Ho., Langford, Bristol BS18 7DU, UK.)---Gallus domesticus.

{B314} Hill, I. F., & B. Cresswell. 1997. The use of a communal summer roost by radio-tagged Blackbirds Turdus merula. Bird Study 44: 114--116. (EGI, Dept. Zool., South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.)---Birds tagged within 400 metre radius of winter roost used it at some time during summer and some did so every night. None of those tagged at 800 metres did so.---D.W.

{B314} Kotrschal, K., K. Hirschenhauser, & E. Möstl. 1998. The relationship between social stress and dominance is seasonal in Greylag Geese. Anim. Behav. 55: 171--176. (K-L-Forschungstelle für Ethol., A-4645 Grünau 11, Austria.)---Anser anser.

{B314} Lahti, K., et al. 1996. Social dominance in free-living Willow Tits Parus montanus determinants and some implications of hierarchy. Ibis 138: 539--544. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Oulu, Linnanmaa, FIN--90570 Oulu, Finland.)---Hierarchical status patterns support "hopeful dominants" hypothesis.---J.V.B.

{B314} Roberts, G. 1997. How many birds does it take to put a flock to flight? Anim. Behav. 54: 1517--1522. (Dept. Psychol., Univ. Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.)---In Calidris alba, depends on flock size and whether flock is disturbed by a predator.---A.K.T.

{B314} Trost, C. H., & C. L. Webb. 1997. The effect of sibling competition on the subsequent social status of juvenile North American Black-billed Magpies Pica pica hudsonia. Acta Ornith. 32: 111--119. (Dept. Biol., Idaho State Univ., Box 8807, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA.)---Most males heavier at fledging were also dominant to smaller brothers 8 months later.---J.P.

{B314} Wiles, G. J. 1998. Records of communal roosting in Mariana Crows. Wilson Bull. 110: 126--128. (Div. Aquatic Wildl. Resour., 192 Dairy Rd., Mangilao, Guam 96923; EM: gwiles@ns.gu)---Nocturnal encounters with brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam may have induced this behavior in Corvus kubaryi.---J.J.Dos.

{B316} Arvidsson, B., C. Askenmo*, & R. Neergaard. 1997. Food supply for settling male rock pipits affects territory size. Anim. Behav. 54: 67--72. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Göteborg, Medicinaregatan 18, S-143-90 Göteborg, Sweden.)---Food-supplemented Anthus petrosus males had larger territories.---A.K.T.

{B316} Frost, D. 1997. Observations on the territorial behaviour of Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus at Khor Dubai. Emirates Bird Report 19: 126. (1 Shakespeare Rd., St Ives, Cambs PE17 4TR, UK.)

{B316} Greenberg, R., & J. Gradwohl. 1997. Territoriality, adult survival, and dispersal in the Checker-throated Antwren in Panama. J. Avian Biol. 28: 103--110. (Smithsonian Migratory Bird Ctr., Nat. Zool. Pk., Washington, DC 20008, USA. EM: Antwren@Erols.com)---14-yr study of 10 core territories of Myrmotherula fulviventris.---R.T.B.

{B316} Lens, L., et al. 1996. Response to simulated intrusions by territorial Yellow-whiskered Greenbuls Andropadus latirostris. Ibis 138: 561--563. (Dept. Ornithol., Natl. Mus. Kenya, PO Box 40658 Nairobi, Kenya.)

{B316} Neudorf, D. L., & S. A. Tarof. 1998. The role of chip calls in winter territoriality of Yellow Warblers. J. Field Ornithol. 69: 30--36. (Dept. Biol., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.)---Maybe for territorial defense in Panamanian Dendroica petechia.---R.A.I.

{B316} Rohner, C. 1997. Non-territorial 'floaters' in Great Horned Owls: space use during a cyclic peak of snowshoe hares. Anim. Behav. 53: 901--902. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Brit. Col., Vancouver, BC V6T 1ZA, Can.)---Radio-tracked fledgling Bubo virginianus stayed mainly on the peripheries of defended territories and had home ranges 5 times the size of the latter.---A.K.T.

{B316} Severinghaus, L. L. 1996. Territory strategy of the migratory Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus. Ibis 138: 460--465. (Inst. Zool., Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.)---High competition but low site tenacity.---J.V.B.

{B316} Tobias, J. 1997. Asymmetric territorial contests in the European Robin: the role of settlement costs. Anim. Behav. 54: 9--21. (Dept. Zool., Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3J, UK.)---75 Erithacus rubecula were removed from their territories and released up to 14 days later; dominance relative to the new territory owner depended on how long the latter had been in residence.---A.K.T.

{B318} Burt, T., R. Holland, & T. Guilford. 1997. Further evidence for visual landmark involvement in the pigeon's familiar map area. Anim. Behav. 53: 1203--1209. (Dept. Zool., S. Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.)---Columba livia.

{B318} Donkers, H. 1994. [Remarkable distraction display of Woodpigeon Columba palumbus.] Limosa 67: 80. (Sophiastraat 22, 4701 GT Roosendaal, Netherlands.) (Dutch, Engl. summ.)

{B318} Marchetti, K. 1998. The evolution of multiple male traits in the Yellow-browed Leaf Warbler. Anim. Behav. 55: 361--376. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Calif. at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A.)---Size of wing patches important for competition between male Phylloscopus inornatus, while females use several characters to choose mates.---A.K.T.

{B318} Mateos, C., & J. Carranza. 1997. The role of bright plumage in male-male interactions in the Ring-necked Pheasant. Anim. Behav. 54: 1205--1214. (Sch. Biol. Ethol., Univ. Extremadura, 10071 Caceres, Spain.)---Phasianus colchicus.

{B318} Newberry, R. C., & D. M. Shackleton. 1997. Use of visual cover by domestic fowl: a Venetian blind effect? Anim. Behav. 54: 387--395. (Dept. Anim. Sci., Washington State Univ., Pullman WA 99164-6351, USA.)---Gallus domesticus.

{B318} Pört, T., & A, Qvarnström. 1997. Badge size in Collared Flycatchers predicts outcome of male competition over territories. Anim. Behav. 54: 893--899. (Dept. Conserv. Biol., Swedish Univ. Agric. Sci., Box 7002, S-750-07 Uppsala, Sweden.)---Ficedula albicollis.

{B320} Bell, D. A., P. W. Trail, & L. F. Baptista. 1998. Song learning and vocal tradition in Nuttall’s White-crowned Sparrows. Anim. Behav. 55: 939--956. (Dept. Ornithol. & Mammal., Calif. Acad. Sci., Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118-4599, USA.)---Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli.

{B320} Curio, E. 1998. Alarm calls and chick reaction: comments on Kleindorfer et al. (1996). Anim. Behav. 56: 260--261. (Fac. Biol., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.)---Comments on paper in Anim. Behav. 51: 1199--1206---A.K.T.

{B320} Cynx, J., et al. 1998. Amplitude regulation of vocalizations in noise by a songbird, Taeniopygia guttata. Anim. Behav. 56: 107--113. (Dept. Psychol., Vassar Coll., Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA.)

{B320} Dowsett-Lemaire, F. 1994. The song of the Seychelles Warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis and its African relatives. Ibis 136: 489--491. (Rue de Bois de Breux 194, B--4020 Jupille, Liège, Belgium.)---Compared to Acrocephalus gracilirostris and Acrocephalus rufescens.

{B320} Duguay, J. P., & G. Ritchison. 1998. A contextual analysis of singing behavior in male Tufted Titmice. J. Field Ornithol. 69: 85--94. (Div. For., West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.)---Baeolophus bicolor.

{B320} Fessl, B., & H. Hoi. 1996. The significance of a two part song in the Moustached Warbler (Acrocephalus melanopogon). Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 8: 265--278. (Konrad Lorenz Inst. Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung, Savoyenstr. 1a, A--1160 Wien, Austria.)---Whistle part directed to males, Reed Warbler-like part to females.---A.S.

{B320} Gregory, P. 1996. Notes on the Greater Melampitta (Melampitta gigantea) in the Tabubil area [Papua New Guinea]. Muruk 8: 36--37. (P.O. Box 69, Tabubil 332, Western Province, Papua New Guinea.)---Describes call; emphasizes its importance in locating this rare species.---I.C.R.

{B320} Halupka, K., & L. Halupka. 1998. Alarm calls and chick reaction: comments on Kleindorfer et al. (1996). Anim. Behav. 55: 502--503. (Dept. Avian Ecol., Univ. Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50--335 Wroclaw, Poland.)---Comments on paper on Acrocephalus melanopogon in Anim. Behav. 51: 1199--1206.---A.K.T.

{B320} Kleindorfer, S., H. Hoi, & B. Fessl. 1998. Clarification of the chick reaction hypothesis. Anim. Behav. 55: 504--507. (KLIVV, Savoyenstrasse 1a, A-1160 Vienna, Austria.)---Comments on paper by Halupka & Halupka on Acrocephalus melanopogon in Anim. Behav. 1998, 55: 502--503.

{B320} Kleindorfer, S., H. Hoi, & B. Fessl. 1998. Alarm calls and chick reactions: distinguishing between levels of analysis. Anim. Behav. 56: 262--264. (KLIVV, Savoyenstr. 1a, A-1160 Vienna, Austria.)---Comments on paper by Curio, Anim. Behav. 56: 260--261---A.K.T.

{B320} Kroodsma, D. E., et al. 1997. Song development by Grey Catbirds. Anim. Behav. 54: 457--464. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-0027, USA.)---Imitation relatively unimportant in Dumetella carolinensis.---A.K.T.

{B320} Langmore, N. E., & N. B. Davies. 1997. Female Dunnocks use vocalizations to compete for males. Anim. Behav. 53: 881--890. (Dept. Zool., Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3J, UK.)---Prunella modularis.

{B320} Luschi, P., & C. del Seppia. 1996. Song-type function during territorial encounters in male Cetti's Warblers Cettia cetti. Ibis 138: 479--484. (Dipto. di Sci. del Comportamento Anim. e dell'Uomo, Univ. di Pisa, Via Volta 6, I--56126 Pisa, Italy.)---Use of two song types dependent on singer's level of aggressiveness.

{B320} Marler, P., & C. Evans. 1996. Bird calls: just emotional displays or something more? Ibis 138: 26--33. (Sec. Neurobiol., Physiol. & Beh., Univ. California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.)---Simple emotion-based models of bird calls inadequate for explaining vocal behavior of birds.---J.V.B.

{B320} Nemeth, E. 1996. Different singing styles in mated and unmated Reed Buntings Emberiza schoeniclus. Ibis 138: 172--176. (K.L.I.V.V., Savoyenstrasse 1a, 1160 Wien, Austria.)

{B320} Payne, R. B., L. L. Payne, & J. L. Woods. 1998. Song learning in brood-parasitic Indigobirds Vidua chalybeata: song mimicry of the host species. Anim. Behav. 55: 1537--1553. (Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1979, USA.)

{B320} Prum, R. O. 1998. Sexual selection and the evolution of mechanical sound production in manakins (Aves: Pipridae). Anim. Behav. 55: 977--994. (Nat. Hist. Mus., Univ. Kansas., Lawrence, KN 66045-2454, USA.)

{B320} Riveros, G. 1989. Análisis de la comunicación sonora de tres especies de golondrinas (Notiochelidon cyanoleuca, Tachycineta leucorrhoa y T. albiventer; Familia: Hirundinidae). [Sound communication in three swallow species]. An. Mus. Hist. Nat. Valparaíso 20: 85--98. (Dept. Biol. y Química, Univ. de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educación. Casilla 34-V, Valparaíso, Chile.)---Main functions of sounds are: recognition, aggression, breeding, social cohesion, and chick begging.---C.G.S.

{B320} Sogge, M. K. 1997. Primary song by a juvenile Willow Flycatcher. J. Field Ornithol. 68: 630--631. (Colorado Plateau Res. Stn., P. O. Box 5614, Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.)---6--8 wk old Empidonax traillii.---R.A.I.

{B320} Tchernichovski, O., H. Schwabl., & F. Nottebohm. 1998. Context determines the sex appeal of male Zebra Finch song. Anim. Behav. 55: 1003--1010. (Rockefeller Univ. Field Res. Ctr., Tyrrel Rd., Millbrook, NY 12545, USA.)---Taeniopygia guttata.

{B500} McGarigal, K., R. G. Anthony, & F. B. Isaacs. 1991. Interactions of humans and Bald Eagles on the Columbia River Estuary. Wildl. Monogr. 115: 1--47. (Dept. For. Sci., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.)---Boating may substantially affect spatial use patterns in Haliaeetus leucocephalus.---R.H.D.

{B500} Stalmaster, M. V., & J. L. Kaiser. 1998. Effects of recreational activity on wintering Bald Eagles. Wildl. Monogr. 137: 1--46. (Stalmaster & Associates, 1570 E. Burgundy Rd., Shelton, WA 98584, USA.)---Increased recreational activity (foot traffic, fishing boats, and eagle-viewing boats) reduced numbers and feeding activity of Haliaeetus leucocephalus.---R.H.D.

{B502} Bevanger, K. 1994. Bird interactions with utility structures: collision and electrocution, causes and mitigating measures. Ibis 136: 412--425. (Norwegian Inst. Nat. Res., Div. Terrestrial Ecol., Tungasletta 2, N--7005 Trondheim, Norway.)

{B502} Brown, K. P., & C. Miller. 1997. Bird deaths from hip-chain cotton entanglements. Notornis 44: 109--110. (Ecosystems Consultants, P.O. Box 6161, Dunedin, New Zealand.)---Fine thread is used by forest managers to measure distance. Alternatives should be considered to reduce the risk to birds.---E.O.M.

{B502} Godinez, E. 1995. Turkey Vulture: a dangerous strike risk for aircraft. El Pitirre 8(1): 2--3. (Inst. Ecol. Sistem., Acad. Ciencias Cuba, AP 8010, CP 10800, Habana 8, Cuba.)---Cathartes aura individuals have collided with several aircraft in Cuba but there are no good statistical data.---R.B.C.

{B502} Janss, G. F. E., & M. Ferrer. 1998. Rate of bird collision with power lines: effects of conductor-marking and static wire-marking. J. Field Ornithol. 69: 8--17. (Estn. Biol. Doñana, Avda. Maria Luisa s/n, Pabellón del Perú, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.)---Black crossed bands and a white spiral reduced collisions but thin black stripes were not effective; Otis tarda and Otis tetrax were the most common victims.---R.A.I.

{B502} Vaske, T. 1991. Seabird mortality on longline fishing for tuna in Southern Brazil. Ciencia e Cultura 43(5): 388--390. (Lab. de Recursos Pesqueiros Pelagicos, Dept. Oceanografia, Univ. do Río Grande, Río Grande, R.S. 96200, Brasil.)---Commercial fishing is causing significant mortality to seabirds.---C.G.S.

{B504} Andelt, W. F., T P. Woolle, & S. N. Hopper. 1997. Effectiveness of barriers, pyrotechnics, flashing lights, and Scarey Man® for deterring heron predation on fish. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25: 686--694. (Dept. Fish. Wildl. Biol., Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA.)---Flashing light and human effigies did not deter Nycticorax nycticorax and Ardea herodias but barriers and pyrotechnics were effective.---W.P.J.

{B504} Mawson, P., & I. Temby. 1996. Quantifying damage caused by cockatoos. Eclectus 1: 10--11. (CALM, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Ctr., WA 6983, Australia.)---Outlines the difficulties facing accurate assessment of damage.---I.C.R.

{B504} Shedley, E. 1997. Parrot damage in Tasmanian bluegum plantations. Eclectus 3: 47--49. (RMB 382, Bridgetown, WA 6255, Australia.)---A new food source for Barnardius zonarius in W.A.---I.C.R.

{B508} Fadat, C. 1996. [Propositions for a management plan for hunting Woodcock Scolopax rusticola in Europe.] Alauda 64: 33--44. (1 rue Jean Rostand, F--34800 Clermont-l'Hérault, France.) (French, Engl. summ.)

{B508} Gilbert, D. W., et al. 1996. Response of nesting ducks to habitat and management on the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado. Wildl. Monogr. 131: 1--44. (USBLM, 3170 E. Main, Canon City, CO 81212, USA.)---Anas platyrhynchos, Anas cyanoptera, Anas discors, Anas crecca, Anas acuta; 36-year study. Nest density and success declined with increased grazing.---R.H.D.

{B508} Gray, B. T., & R. M. Kaminski. 1994. Illegal waterfowl hunting in the Mississippi flyway and recommendations for alleviation. Wildl. Monogr. 127: 1--60. (Golder Associates, 1011 6th Ave. SW, Calgary, AB T2P 0W1, Can.)---35% of those surveyed committed 1--3 hunting violations per season.---R.H.D.

{B508} Meile, P. 1991. [The effects of hunting on waterfowl wintering on the Basin of Ermatingen (Lake Constance, Germany/Switzerland).] Ornithol. Beob. 88: 27--55. (Tal, CH--8885 Mols, Switzerland.)---Discusses mortality due to hunting and lead poisoning, and influence of hunting on distribution of wintering birds. (German, Engl. summ.)---M.G.

{B508} Morscheidt, J., D. Nebel, & J. Canut. 1996. [Movement and ranging area of three ptarmigan Lagopus mutus pyrenaicus in Central Pyrenees.] Alauda 64: 221--228. (O.N.F., Réserve Domaniale du Mont Vallier, F--09140 Seix, France.)---Radio-tracking and recommendations for hunting management. (French, Engl. summ.)---G.O.

{B508} Persson, H. 1992. [The impact of hunting on the size of the breeding population of the Greylag Goose Anser anser.] Limosa 65: 41--47. (Univ. Lund, Ekologihuset, Helgonavägen 3, 22362 Lund, Sweden.)---Massive hunting in SW-Spain caused decline in Nordic breeding numbers. (Dutch, Engl. summ.)---R.G.B.

{B508} Wakeling, B. F., F. E. Phillips, & R. Engel-Wilson. 1997. Age and gender differences in Merriam’s turkey tarsometatarsus measurements. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25: 706--708. (Arizona Game Fish Dept., Research Br., 2221 W. Greenway Rd., Phoenix, AZ 85023, USA.)---Tarsometatarsal length varies in all age and sex classes of Meleagris gallopavo.---W.P.J.

{B508} Williams, B. K. 1997. Approaches to the management of waterfowl under uncertainty. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25: 714--720. (N. Amer. Waterfowl Wetlands Off., USFWS, 4401 N. Fairfax Dr., Room 110, Arlington, VA 22201, USA.).

{B509} Duncan, R. P. 1997. The role of competition and introduction effort in the success of passeriform birds introduced to New Zealand. Am. Nat. 149: 903--915. (Dept. Plant Sci., P.O. Box 84, Lincoln, Univ., Canterbury, NZ; EM: duncanr@lincoln.ac.nz)---Role of competition in explaining invasion success cannot be assessed without data on introduction effort.---J.R.F.

{B509} Veit, R. R., & M. A. Lewis. 1996. Dispersal, population growth, and the Allee effect: dynamics of the House Finch invasion of Eastern North America. Am. Nat. 148: 255--274. (Dept. Zool., Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA; EM: veitrr@zoology.washington.edu)---Develop model from records of Carpodacus mexicanus range expansion; Allee effect may lead to slow spread in early stages of invasion.---J.R.F.

{B510} Adams, C. E., J. A. Leifester, & J. S. C. Herron. 1997. Understanding wildlife constituents: birders and waterfowl hunters. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25: 653--660. (Dept. Wildl. Fish. Sci., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA.)---Birder and waterfowl hunter similarities include race, years of experience, and reasons for participating; differences include age, gender, source of income, and age at initiation.---W.P.J.

{B510} Pelikan, M. L. 1997. After the owl: reflections on big birds. Bird Obs. (Massachusetts) 25: 31--33. (C/O BOEM, P.O. Box 236, Arlington, MA 02174, USA.)---Ethical and practical implications of bird watchers’ behavior when large numbers congregate to see a vagrant bird.---W.E.D.

{B510} Teireira, D. 1992 . Perspectivas da etno-ornitologia no Brasil: o exemplo de um estudo sobre a "tapigarem". [Ethno-ornithological notes from Brasil: example of a "tapigarem".] Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi ser. Zool. 8: 113--121. (Museo Nac., Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Secao de Ornitologia, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.)---Certain indigenous people in Brazil can induce an abnormal plumage in parrots.---C.G.S.

{B700} Austin, G. E., & D. C Houston. 1997. The breeding performance of the Buzzard Buteo buteo in Argyll, Scotland and a comparison with other areas of Britain. Bird Study 44: 146--154. (Appl. Ornithol. Unit, Graham Kerr Bldg., I.B.L.S, Glasgow Univ., Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.)---Laying dates remarkably constant throughout Britain but clutch size differs significantly between study areas, being low in areas where rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus are scarce.---D.W.

{B700} Baldi, G., & A. Sorace. 1996. Reproductive parameters and nestling growth in Hoopoe Upupa epops in an area of Central Italy. Avocetta 20: 158--161. (Oasi WWF Macchiagrande, Via dell'Olivetello C15, 00057 Maccarese (Roma), Italy.)

{B700} Bauchau, V., & I. Seinen. 1997. Clutch desertion and re-nesting in Pied Flycatchers: an experiment with progressive clutch removal. Anim. Behav. 54: 153--161. (Neth. Inst. Ecol., PO Box 40, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands.)---Ficedula hypoleuca.

{B700} Beissinger, S. R., S. Tygielski, & B. Elderd. 1998. Social constraints on the onset of incubation in a neotropical parrot: a nestbox addition experiment. Anim. Behav. 55: 21--32. (Ecosystem Sci. Div., Hilgard Hall #3110, Univ. Calif., Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, U.S.A.)---Forpus passerinus must incubate or guard nests soon after laying to protect nest from conspecifics---A.K.T.

{B700} Biondi, M., & L. Pietrelli. 1996. [Breeding parameters of Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius in sample areas of Latium (Central Italy).] Alula 3: 62--67. (G.A.R.O.L., Via Castello 17, 00119 Ostia Antica (Roma), Italy.) (Italian, Engl. summ.)

{B700} Bremer, P. 1995. [Breeding habitat of the Common Gull Larus canus in the Noordoostpolder.] Limosa 68: 97--101. (Roelingsbeek 1, 8033 BM Zwolle, Netherlands.)---Trend and breeding success of inland colony on farmland in 1968-1994. (Dutch, Engl. summ.)---R.G.B.

{B700} Castell, P. 1997. New information on the breeding biology of Cretzschmar’s Bunting Emberiza caesia. Sandgrouse 19 (1): 68--69. (Fairlawn, 679 Chester Rd., Great Sutton, South Wirral L66 2LN, UK.)

{B700} Chace, J. F., A. Cruz, & A. Cruz, Jr. 1997. Nesting success of the Western Wood-Pewee in Colorado. West. Birds 28: 110--112. (Dept. Environ., Pop. & Organismic Biol., Univ. Colorado, Boulder. CO 80309-0334, USA.)---Reproductive success and nest-site characteristics of Contopus sordidulus.---K.C.M.

{B700} Cooper, J. J., & M. C. Appleby. 1997. Motivational aspects of individual variation in response to nestboxes by laying hens. Anim. Behav. 54: 1245--1253. (Sch. Agric. Hortic., De Montfort Univ., Caythorpe Ct., Caythorpe, Lincolnshire NG32 3EP, UK.)---Gallus domesticus.

{B700} Corbacho, C., J. M. Sanchez & A. Sanchez. 1997. Breeding biology of Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus in agricultural environments of southwest Spain; comparison with other populations in the western Palearctic. Bird Study 44: 166--175. (Conserv. Invest. Group, Anim. Biol., Univ. Extramadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain.)---Mediterranean populations highly dependant on conservation measures.---D.W.

{B700} Davis, S. K., & S. G. Sealy. 1998. Nesting biology of the Baird's Sparrow in southwestern Manitoba. Wilson Bull. 110: 262--270. (Saskatchewan Wetland Conserv. Corporation, 202-2050 Cornwall St., Regina, SK S4P 2K5, Can.; EM: sdavis@wetland.sk.ca)---Parasitism by Molothrus ater lowered hatching success. First report of Ammodramus bairdii fledging cowbird young.---J.J.Dos.

{B700} Dawson, R. D., & R. G. Clark. 1996. Effects of variation in egg size and hatching date on survival of Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis ducklings. Ibis 138: 693--699. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Saskatchewan, 112 Science Pl., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Can.)

{B700} Evans, A. D., et al. 1997. Seasonal variation in breeding performance and nestling diet of Cirl Buntings Emberiza cirlus in England. Bird Study 44: 66--79. (RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Beds. SG19 2DL, UK.)---Late season chicks fed on much higher proportion of Orthoptera & had higher growth rates and survival. Most losses at chick stage early in season due to predation or starvation.---D.W.

{B700} Fanglin, Z. 1996. [Breeding habits of Phoenicurus frontalis.] Sichuan J. Zool. 15: 77. (No address given).---Blue-fronted Redstart (Chinese).

{B700} Frith, C. B., & D. W. Frith. 1998. Additional notes on the nesting biology of Victoria’s Riflebird Ptiloris victoriae. Emu 98: 138--142. (P.O. Box 581, Malanda, Qld. 4885, Australia.)---Study of nest site location, timing of breeding activities and parental care.---W.K.S.

{B700} Geering, D., & K. French. 1998. Breeding biology of the Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia in the Capertee Valley, New South Wales. Emu 98: 104--116. (RMB 2171 Fullerton Cove Rd., Fullerton Cove, NSW 2318, Australia.)---Study of endangered species. While breeding success was affected by severe drought, it does not limit population size, but is comparable with that of other Australian passerines.---W.K.S.

{B700} Gerstell, A. T., & C. H. Trost. 1997. Advantages of early versus late nesting in Black-billed Magpies Pica pica hudsonia variation in productivity, sex ratio, and fledgling size. Acta Ornith. 32: 39--44. (Dept. Biol., Idaho State Univ., Campus Box 8007, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA.)---Offspring from early nests were larger and had higher social dominance