We have received information and guidance from a wide variety of sources. Among our colleagues, those who provided special help include: Richard Banks, Jim Bednarz, Fred Cooke, Sandra Gaunt, Jerry Jackson, Fred Quimby, J. Van Remsen, Margaret Rubega, and Elizabeth Ann Schreiber. We are especially grateful to specialists Carol Anderson (USFWS), August Battles, D.V.M., Rich Benardski, D.V.M., Christopher Brand, and several anonymous reviewers (NWHC), Donald Burton D.V.M., Mary Gustafson (BBL), Buddy Fazio (USFWS), James M. Harris , D.V.M., Bill Kurrey (USFWS), Sharron Martin, D.V.M., Diana McClure, D.V.M., Dan Petit (USFWS), and Steve Wentz (CWS). The American Birding Association kindly provided us with an updated version of their Code of Birding Ethics even before it had been distributed to their membership. Several veterinarians gave generously of their time and expertise in contributing to the Second Edition: Pauline Wong, D.V.M., John Ludders, D.V.M., Glenn H. Olsen, D.V.M., Ph.D., David Brunson, D.V.M., and F. Joshua Dein, V.M.D.

We are grateful to the Summerlee Foundation of Dallas, Texas for funds to support the production of this document, and to the Biological Resources Division of the U.S. Geologic Survey for funds to support its publication.

When mentioned, brand names are exemplary. Some named products were drawn to our attention by investigators or veterinarians who have individually found them useful, but in no case is an endorsement by the Ornithological Council or any other ornithological society implied.
 
 

Abraham, K.F., C.D. Ankney, and H. Boyd. 1983. Assortative mating by Brant. Auk 100:201-203.

Aldrich, J.W., and J.G. Steenis. 1955. Neck banding and other colormarking of waterfowl; its merits and shortcomings. J. Wildl. Manage. 19:317-318.

Alison, R.M. 1975. Capturing and marking Oldsquaws. Bird-Banding 46:248-250.

Airman, R.B., S.L. Clubb, G.M. Dorrestein, and K. Quesenberry. 1997. Avian medicine and surgery. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Pp. 117-121.

American Ornithologists' Union. 1975. Report of the ad hoc committee on scientific and educational use of wild birds. Auk 92 (3, Suppl.):1A-27A.

American Ornithologists' Union. 1986. Report of the ad hoc committee on Guidelines for the use of wild birds in research. Auk 105 (1, Suppl.):1A-41A.

Amlaner, C.J., Jr., and D.W. MacDonald (eds.). 1980. A handbook of biotelemetry and radio tracking. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Anderson, A. 1968. Patagial tags for waterfowl. J. Wildl. Manage. 27:284-288.

Anderson, A. 1980. The effects of age and wear on color bands. J. Field Ornithol. 51:213-219.

Anderson, D.W., and J.O. Keith. 1980. The human influence on seabird nesting success: conservation implications. Biol. Conserv. 18:65-80.

Andrews, E.J., B.T. Bennett, J.D. Clark, K.A. Houpt, P.J. Pasco, G.W. Robinson and J.R. Boyce. 1993. Report of the AVMA panel on euthansia. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 202:229-249

Animal Behavior Society. 1986. Guidelines for the use of animals in research. Anima.Behav. 34:315-318.

Ankney, C.D. 1975. Neck bands contribute to starvation in female lesser snow geese. J. Wildl.Manage. 39:825-826.

Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour and the Animal Behavior Society. 1993. Ethics in research on animal behaviour (M. S. Dawkins and L. M. Gosling, eds.). Academic Press, London. [Available from: L. M. Gosling, Secretary, ASAB Ethical Committee, Central Science Laboratory, MAFF, London Road, Slough SL3 7HJ England, 10].

Bailey R.E. 1953. Surgery for sexing and observing gonad condition in birds. Auk 70:497-499.

Baker, M.C. 1981. A muscle biopsy procedure for use in electrophoretic studies of birds. Auk 98:392-393.

Banks, R.C. 1979. Human related mortality of birds in the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.Rep. Wildl. 215.

Baptista, L.F., and S.L. Gaunt. 1997. Bioacoustic as a tool in conservation studies. In: Behavioral approaches to conservation in the wild. (R. Buchholz and J. Clemmons, eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 212-242.

Bartonek, J.C., and C.W. Dane. 1964. Numbered nasal discs for waterfowl. J. Wildl. Manage. 28:688-692.

Basson, M.D., and B.M. Carlson. 1980. Myotoxicity of single and repeated injections of mepivacaine(Carbocaine) in the rat. Anes. Anal. 59:275-282.

Bateson, P. 1991. Assessment of pain in animals. In: Ethics in research on animal behaviour. (M.S.Dawkins and M. Gosling, eds.) Academic Press for the Association for the Study of AnimalBehaviour and the Animal Behavior Society. Pp. 13-25.

Bear, A. 1995. An important method for collecting bird ectoparasites. J. f. Ornithol. 66:212-214.

Bekoff, M. 1993. Experimentally induced infanticide: the removal of birds and its ramifications. Auk 110:404-406.

Belant, J.L., and T.W. Seamans. 1993. Evaluation of dyes and techniques to color-mark incubating herring gulls. J. Field Ornithol. 64:440-451.

Bigler, W.J., G.L. Hoff, and L.A. Scribner. 1977. Survival of mourning doves unaffected by withdrawing blood samples. Bird-Banding 48:168.

Bloom, P.H. 1987. Capturing and handling raptors. In: Raptor management techniques manual. (B.A. Giron Pendleton, B.A. Millsap, K.W. Cline, and D.M. Bird, eds.) National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C. Pp. 99-123.

Boag, D.A. 1972. Effect of radio packages on behavior of captive red grouse. J. Wildl. Manage. 36:511-518. Boag, D.A., A. Watson, and R. Parr. 1973. Radio-marking vs. back-tabbing red grouse. J. Wildl. Manage. 37:410-412.

Bocetti, C.I. 1994. Techniques for prolonged confinement and transport of small insectivorous passerines. J. Field Ornithol. 65:232-236.

Bocetti, C.I. and D.E. Swayne. 1995. Suggested aviary design and procedures to reduce mortality in captive warblers. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 23:723-725.

Boever, W.J., and W. Wright. 1975. Use of ketamine for restraint and anesthesia of birds. Vet. Med./SAC 70:86-88.

Brown, K.A. 1995. Does blood sampling ring-billed gulls increase parental desertion and chick mortality? Colonial Waterbirds 18:102-104.

Brown, K.A. and R.C. Morris. 1995. Investigator disturbance, chick movement, and aggressive behavior in ring-billed gulls. Wilson Bull. 107:140-152.

Bunnell, P.L., D. Dunbar, L. Kola, and G. Ryder. 1981. Effects of disturbances on the productivity and numbers of white pelicans in British Columbia--observations and models. Col. Waterbirds 4:2-11.

Burger, J. 1981a. Behavioral responses of herring gulls Larus argentatus to aircraft noise. Environ. Pollution Ser. A 24:177-184.

Burger, J. 1981 b. Effects of human disturbance on colonial species, particularly gulls. Col. Waterbirds 4:28-36.

Burger, J., and M. Gochfeld. 1981. Discrimination of the threat of direct versus tangential approach to the nest by incubating herring and groat black-backed gulls. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych. 95:676- 684.

Burley, N. 1981. Sex-ratio manipulation and selection for attractiveness. Science 211:721-722.

Burley, N. 1985. Leg-band color and mortality patterns in captive breeding populations of zebra finches. Auk 102:647-651.

Burley, N. 1986a. Comparison of band-colour preferences of two species of estrildid finches. Anim. Behav. 34:1732-1741.

Burley, N. 1986b. Sexual selection for aesthetic traits in species with biparental care. Am. Nat. 127:415-445.

Burley, N., G. Krantzenberg, and P. Radman. 1982. Influence of colour-banding on the conspecific preferences of zebra finches. Anim. Behav. 30:444-455.

Byers, S.M. 1987. Extent and severity of nasal saddle icing on mallards. J. Field Ornithol. 58:499-504.

Caccamise, D.F. and R.S. Hedin. 1985. An aerodynamic basis for selecting transmitter loads in birds. Wilson Bull. 97:306-318.

Callahan, B.M., K.A. Hutchinson, A.L. Armstrong, and L.S.F. Keller. 1995. A comparison of four methods for sterilizing surgical instruments for rodent surgery. Contemporary Topics 34(2):57-60.

Calvo, B., and R.W. Furness. 1992. A review of the use and effects of marks and devices on birds. Ringing and Migration 13:129-151.

Campbell, T.W. 1994. Hematolgy. In: Avian medicine: principles and application. (Ritchie, B. W., G. J. Harrison and L. R. Harrison, eds). Wingers Publication, Inc., Lakeworth, FL. Pp. 176-198.

Canadian Council on Animal Care. 1980, 1984, 1991. Guide to the care and use of experimental animals, Vol. 1. Canadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa.
Canadian Wildlife Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. North American bird-banding manual, Vol. I and II (and Supplements). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.

Carlson, B.M., and E.A. Rainin. 1985. Rat extraocular muscle regeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol. 103:1373-1377.

Carpenter, J.W., R.R. Gabel, S.N. Wiemeyer, W.C. Crawford, Jr., W.A. Burnham, J.D. Weaver, T.J.

Cade, and D.M. Bird. Captive breeding: eagles, hawks and harriers, large falcons, and small falcons. In: Raptor management techniques manual. (B.A. Giron Pendleton, B.A. Millsap, K.W. Cline, and D.M. Bird, eds.) National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C. Pp. 349-370.

Cavanagh, P.M., and C.R. Griffin. 1993. Suitability of Velcro5 leg tags for marking herring and great black-backed gull chicks. J. Field Ornithol. 64:195-198.

Cavanagh, P.M., C.R. Griffin, and E.M. Hoopes. 1992. A technique to color-mark incubating gulls. J. Field Ornithol. 63:264-267.

Cochran, W.W. 1980. Wildlife telemetry. In: Wildlife management techniques, 4th ed. (S.D. Schemnitz, ed.) The Wildlife Society, Washington. Pp. 507-520

Code of Federal Regulations. 1980. Food and drugs. Part 1300 to end. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington.

Code of Federal Regulations. 1984. Standards for protection against radiation. Title 10, Part 20. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington.

Cooperband, L.R. 1985. Ornithology in the neotropics: a directory. American Ornithologists' Union, Baltimore, MD.

Coulson, J. 1993. Bird ringing: the greatest advance in the study of birds in the 20th century. Alauda 61:5-8.

Council on Dental Therapeutics and Council on Prosthetic Services and Dental Laboratory Relations. 1985. Guidelines for infection control in the dental office and commercial dental laboratory. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 110:969-972.

Cummings, J.L. 1987. Nylon fasteners for attaching leg and wing tags to blackbirds. J. Field Ornithol. 58:265-269.

Cunliffe-Beamer, T.L. 1993. Applying principles of aseptic surgery to rodents. AWIC Newsletter 4(2):3- 6.

Curtis, P.D., C.E. Braun, and R.A. Ryder. 1983. Wing markers: visibility, wear, and effects on survival of band-tailed pigeons. J. Field Ornithol. 54:381-386.

Day, G.I., S.D. Schemnitz, and R.C. Taber. 1980. Capturing and marking wild animals. In: Wildlife management techniques manual (S.D. Schemnitz, ed.). The Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C. Pp. 61-88

Donovan, C.A. 1958. Restraint and anaesthesia of cage birds. Vet. Med. 53:541-543.

Dorrestein, G.M., B.J. Blaauboer, N.A. Miltenburg, and P.P. Deley. 1978. A modified method of blood sampling from birds. Lab. Anim. 12:193-194.

Doty, H.A., and R.J. Greenwood. 1974. Improved nasal-saddle marker for mallards. J. Wildl. Manage. 38:938-939.

Duffy, D.C. 1979. Human disturbance and breeding birds. Auk 96:815-816

Dunnet, G.M. 1977. Observations on the effects of low-flying aircraft at seabird colonies on the coast of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Biol. Conserv. 12:55-63.

Ellegren, H. 1991. DNA typing of museum birds. Nature 354: 113.

Elliot, C.L. 1995. Meeting animal care obligations in wildlife education. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 23:631-634.

Ellison, L.N., and L. Cleary. 1978. Effects of human disturbance on breeding of double-crested cormorants. Auk 95:510-517.

Elzanowski, A. and M. Abs (coveners). 1991. Pain and stress in birds. In: Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. Christchurch, New Zealand, 1990. Ornithol. Congr. Trust Board, Wellington. Pp. 1901-1940.

Ely, C.R. 1990. Effects of neck bands on the behavior of wintering greater white-fronted geese. J. Field Ornithol. 61:249-253.

Emlen, S.T. 1993. Ethics and experimentation: hard choices for the field ornithologist. Auk 110:406- 409.

Estes, C., and K.W. Sessions (compilers). 1983. Controlled wildlife, Vol.2: Federally controlled species. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence.

Evans, R.C., and C.W. Wolfe, Jr. 1967. Effects of nest searching on fates of pheasant nests. J. Wildl. Manage. 31:754-759.

Evans, R.H., and D.P. Carey. 1986. Zoonotic diseases. In: Clinical avian medicine and surgery. (Harrison, G.J., and L.R. Harrison, eds). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Pp. 537-540.

Fedde, M.R. 1978. Drugs used for avian anesthesia: review. Poult. Sci. 57:1376-1399.

Fetteroil, P.M. 1983. Effects of investigator activity on ring-billed gull behavior and reproductive performance. Wilson Bull. 95:23-41.

Fetterolf, P.M., and H. Blokpoel. 1983. Reproductive performance of Caspian terns at a new colony on Lake Ontario, 1979-1981. J. Field Ornithol. 54:170-186.

Foster, A.H., and B.M. Carlson. 1980. Myotoxicity of local anesthetics and regeneration of the damaged muscle fibers. Anes. Anal. 59:727-735.

Foster, C.C., E.D. Forsman, E.C. Meslow, G.S. Miller, J.A. Reid, F.F. Wagner, A.B. Carey, and J.B. Lint. 1992. Survival and reproduction of radio-marked adult spotted owls. J. Wildl. Manage. 56:91-95.

Fowler, M.E. 1978. Zoo and wild animal restraint. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Fowler, M.E. (ed.). 1986. Zoo and wild animal medicine. W.B. Saunders Co., Toronto.

Fowler, M.E. 1995. Restraint and handling of wild and domestic animals. 2nd ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames.

Frankel, A.I., and T.S. Baskett. 1963. Color-marking disrupts pair bonds of captive mourning doves. J. Wildl. Manage. 27:124-127.

Frederick, P.C. 1986. Parental desertion of nestlings by white ibis (Eudocimus albus) in response to muscle biopsy. J. Field Ornithol. 57:168-169.

Friend, M., D.E. Towell, R.L. Brownell, Jr., V.F. Nettles, D.S. Davis, and W.J. Foreyt. 1994. Guidelines for the proper care and use of wildlife in field research. in: Research and management techniques for wildlife and habitats. 5th ed. (T. Bookhoudt, ed.). The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD. Pp. 96-105.

Fyfe, R.W. and R.R. Olendorff. 1976. Minimizing the dangers of nesting studies to raptors and other sensitive species. Can. Wildl. Serv. Occas. Paper 23.17 p.

Gammonley, J.H., and J.R. Kelley, Jr. 1994. Effects of back-mounted radio packages on breeding wood ducks. J. Field Ornithol. 65:530-533.

Gandal, C.P. 1969. Avian anesthesia. Fed. Proc. 28:1533-1534.

Genevois, J.P., P. Fayolle, A. Autefage, A. Cazieux, and P. Bonnenaison. 1983. L'anesthesie des especes insolites en practique veterinaire courante. 2. L'anesthesie des oiseaux. Rev. Med. Vet. 134:601-607.

Gentle, M.J. 1992. Pain in birds. Anim. Welfare 1:235-247.

George, W.G. 1974. Domestic cats as predators and factors in winter shortages of raptor prey. Wilson Bull. 86:384-396.

Gerlach, H. 1986. Chlamydia. In: Clinical avian medicine and surgery. (Harrison, G.J., and L.R. Harrison, eds). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Pp. 457-463.

Gessaman, J.A. and K.A. Nagy. 1988. Transmitter loads affect the flight speed and metabolism of homing pigeons. Condor 90:662-668.

Gilbert, G., P.K. McGregor, and G. Tyler. 1994. Vocal individuality as a census tool: practical considerations illustrated by a study of two rare species. J. Field Ornithol. 65:335-348.

Gillett, W.H., J.L. Hayward, Jr., and J.F. Stout. 1975. Effects of human activity on egg and chick mortality in a glaucous-winged gull colony. Condor 77:492-495.

Gilmer, D.S., I.J. Ball, L.M. Cowardin, and J.H. Reichmann. 1974. Effects of radio packages on wild ducks. J. Wildl. Manage. 38:243-252.

Gionfriddo, J.P., L.B. Best, and B.J. Giesler. 1995. A saline-flushing technique for determining the diet of seed-eating birds. Auk 112:780-781.

Giron Pendleton, B.A., B.A. Millsap, K.W. Cline, and D.M. Bird (eds.) 1987. Raptor management techniques manual. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C.

Giroux, J.-F., D.V. Bell, S. Percival, and R.W. Summers. 1990. Tail-mounted radio transmitters for waterfowl. J. Field Ornithol. 61:303-309.

Gowaty, P.A., and A.A. Karlin. 1984. Multiple maternity and paternity in single broods of apparently monogamous eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 15:91-95.

Graham-Jones, O. 1965. Restraint and anaesthesia of small cage birds. J. Small Anim. Pract. 6:31-39.

Gratto-Trevor, C.L. 1994. Banding and foot loss: an addendum. J. Field Ornithol. 65:133-134.

Green, C.J. 1979. Animal anesthesia. Laboratory animal handbook No. 8. Lab. Anim. Ltd., London.

Greenwood, R.J., and A.B. Sargeant. 1973. Influence of radio packs on captive mallards and blue-winged teal. J. Wildl. Manage. 37:3-9.

Grier, J.W. and R.W. Fyfe. 1987. Preventing research and management disturbance. In: Raptor management techniques manual. (B.A. Giron Pendleton, B.A. Millsap, K.W. Cline, and D.M. Bird, eds.) National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C. Pp. 173-182.

Griffiths, R. and B. Tiwari. 1993. The isolation of genetic markers for the identification of sex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:8324-8326.

Halverson, J. 1997. Nonsurgical methods of avian sex identification. In: Avian medicine and surgery. (Altman, R.B., S.L. Clubb, G.M. Dorrestein, and K. Quesenberry, eds). W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Pp. 117-121.

Harper, R.G., and A.J. Neill. 1990. Banding technique for small nestling passerines. J. Field Ornithol. 61:212-213.

Harrison, G.J., and L.R. Harrison. 1986. Clinical avian medicine and surgery. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Hawkins, L.L., and S.G. Simpson. 1985. Neckband a handicap in an aggressive encounter between tundra swans. J. Field Ornithol. 56:182-184.

Heard, D.J. 1997. Anesthesia and analgesia. In: Avian medicine and surgery. (Altman, R.B., S.L. Clubb, G.M. Dorrestein, and K. Quesenberry, eds). W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Pp. 807-827.

Heaton, J.T. and S.E. Brauth. 1992. Effects of yohimbine as a reversing agent for ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in budgerigars. Lab. Animal Science 42:54-56.

Helm, L.G. 1955. Plastic collars for marking geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 19:316-317.

Henckel, R.E. 1976. Turkey vulture banding problem. N. Am. Bird Bander 1:126.

Hester, A.E. 1963. A plastic wing tag for individual identification of passerine birds. Bird-Banding 34:213-217.

Hewitt, O.H., and P.J. Austin-Smith. 1966. A simple wing tag for field-marking birds. J. Wildl. Manage. 30:625-627.

Hill, G.E. 1992. An inexpensive source of colored leg bands. J. Field Ornithol. 63:408-410.

Hiraldo, F., J.A. Donazar, and J.J. Negro. 1994. Effects of tail-mounted radio-tags on adult lesser kestrels. J. Field Ornithol. 65:466-471.

Hockey, P.A.R., and J. Hallinan. 1981. Effect of human disturbance on the breeding behavior of jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 11:59-62.

Holder, K., and R. Montgomerie. 1993. Red colour bands do not improve the mating success of male rock ptarmigan. Ornis. Scand. 24:53-58.

Hooge, P.N. 1991. The effects of radio weight and harnesses on time budgets and movements of acorn woodpeckers. J. Field. Ornithol. 62:230-238.

Howard, B.R. 1992. Health risks of housing small psitticines in galvanized wire mesh cages. J. Am.Vet. Med. Assoc. 200:1667-1674.

Howe, H.F. 1979. Evolutionary aspects of parental care in the common grackle, Quiscalus quiscalus L. Evolution 33:41-51.

Hsu, W. 1985. Xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia in dogs and its antagonism by yohimbine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 46:852-858.

Hunt, G.L. 1972. Influence of food distribution and human disturbance on the reproductive success of herring gulls. Ecology 53:1051-1061.

International Air Transport Association. 1995. Live animals regulations. International Air Transport Assoc., Montreal.

Jaeger, M.M., R.L. Bruggers, B.E. Johns, and W.A. Erickson. 1986. Evidence of itinerant breeding of the red-billed quelea Quelea quelea in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Ibis 128:469-482. Johnson, G.D.,

J.L. Pebworth, and H.O. Krueger. 1991. Retention of transmitters attached to passerines using a glue-on technique. J. Field Ornithol. 62:486-491.

Johnson, K., R. Dalton, and N. Burley. 1993. Preferences of female American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) for natural and artificial male traits. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 4:138-143.

Johnson, N.K., R.M. Zink, G.F. Barrowclough, and J.A. Marten. 1984. Suggested techniques for modern avian systematics. Wilson Bull. 96:543-560.

Johnson, R.R., B.T. Brown, L.T. Height, and J.M. Simpson. 1981 Playback recording as a special avian censusing technique. In: C.J. Ralph and J.M. Scott (eds.) Estimating Numbers of Ter- restrial Birds. Cooper Ornith. Soc. Studies Avian Biol., 6. Allen Press, Lawrence, KS. pp. 68-75.

Johnston, B.A. 1982. Avian practice comes of age. Mod. Vet. Pract. 63:852-855.

Jordan, R.H., and G.M. Burghardt. 1986. Employing an ethogram to detect reactivity of black bears (Ursus americanus) to the presence of humans. Ethology 73:89-115.

Jurek, R. 1994. A bibliography of feral, stray, and free-roaming domestic cats in relation to wildlife conservation. Calif. Dept. Fish and game, Nongame Bird and Mammal Report No. 94.5.

Karl, B.J. and M.N. Clout. 1985. An improved radio transmitter harness for birds, with a weak link to prevent snagging. J. Field Ornithology 58:73-77.

Kennard, J.H. 1961. Dyes for color marking. Bird-Banding 32:228-229.

Kenward, R.E. 1987. Wildlife radio tagging. Acad. Press, London.

Keriin, R.E., and O. Sussman. 1963. Capture, processing and venipuncture of wild birds. Proc. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.

Ketterson, E.D., and V. Nolan, Jr. 1986. Effect of laparotomy of tree sparrows and dark-eyed juncos during winter on subsequent survival in the field. J. Field Ornithol. 57:239-240.

King, J.R., T.J. Cade, W.G. Conway, M.R. Fedde, J.P. Hailman, W.O. Wilson. 1977. Laboratory animal management: wild birds. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.

King, S.T., and R.S. Schrock. 1985. Controlled wildlife, Vol. 3: State regulations. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence.

Kinkel, L.A. 1989. Lasting effects of wing tags on ring-billed gulls. Auk: 106:619-624.

Klide, A.H. 1973. Avian anesthesia. Vet. Clin. N. Am. 3:175-185.

Koob, M.D. 1981. Detrimental effects of nasal saddles on male ruddy ducks. J. Field Ornithol. 52:140-143.

Kury, C.R., and M. Gochfeld. 1975. Human interference and gull predation in cormorant colonies. Biol. Conserv. 8:23-34.

Kushlan, J.A. 1979. Effects of helicopter censuses on wading bird colonies. J. Wildl. Manage. 43:756-760.

Lanctot, R.B. 1994 Blood sampling in juvenile buff-breasted sandpipers: movement, mass change and survival. J. Field Ornithol. 65: 534-542.

Langenberg, J.A,, K.J. Macguire, and E.A. Anderson. 1997. A technique for sex identification of in ovo avian embryos. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Zoo. Vet.

Lenington, S. 1979. Predators and blackbirds: the "uncertainty principle" in field biology. Auk 96:190-192.

Lensink, C.J. 1968. Neckbands as an inhibitor of reproduction in black brant. J. Wildl. Manage.32:418-420.

Leonard, J.L. 1969. Clinical laboratory examinations. In: Diseases of cage and aviary birds (M.L. Petrack, ed.). Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Pp. 189-215.

Lindsey, G.D., K.A. Wilson, and C. Herrmann. 1995. Color changes in Hughes's celluloid leg bands. J. Field Ornithol. 66:289-295.

Little, R. 1993. Controlled Wildlife. Vol. I. Federal permit procedures; Vol. II. Federally protected species; Vol. III. State permit procedures. Association of Systematic Collections, Washington D.C.

Lund, T.A. 1980. American wildlife law. Univ. California Press. Berkeley.

MacArthur, R.A., V. Geist, and R.H. Johnston. 1982. Cardiac and behavioral responses of mountain sheep to human disturbance. J. Wildl. Manage. 46:351-358.

Macinnes, C.D., and E.H. Dunn. 1988. Effects of neck bands on Canada geese nesting at the McConnell River. J. Field Ornithol. 59:239-246.

Maddock, M.N., and D.J. Geering. 1994. Effects of patagial tags on cattle egrets. Corella 18:1-7.

Manuwal, D.W. 1978. Effects of man on marine birds: a review. In: Wildlife and people. Coop. Ext. Serv., Purdue University. Pp. 140-160.

Marion, W.R., T.E. O'Meare, and D.S. Maehr. 1981 Use of playback recordings in sampling elusive or secretive birds. In: Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds. (C.J. Ralph and J.M. Scott, eds.). Cooper Omith. Soc. Studies Avian Biol., 6. Allen Press, Lawrence, KS. Pp. 81-85.

Marion, W.R., and J.D. Shamis. 1977. An annotated bibliography of bird marking techniques. Bird Banding 48:42-61.

Mauck, R.A., C.E. Huntington, and T.C. Grubb. 1994. Sex-specific reproductive effort in Leach's storm petrel Oceanodroma ieucorhoa. J. Ornithol. 134:114.

Mayfield, H.F. 1975. Suggestions for calculating nesting success. Wilson Bull. 87:456-466.

McLain, R., and R. Roth. 1997. Flow cytometry as a tool for sexing wood thrushes. A)U 115 Meeting Abstract 215.

McCrary, M.D. !981. Effects of radio-tagging on the behavior of red-shouldered hawks. N. Am. Bird Bander 6:138-141.

McGuill, M.W., and A.N. Rowan. 1989. Biological effects of blood loss: implications for sampling volumes and techniques. ILAR News 31 (4):5-18.

Michard, D., A. Ancel, J-P. Gendner, J. Lage, Y. Le Maho, T. Zorn, L. Gangloft, A. Schierer, K. Struyf, and G. Wey. 1995. Non-invasive bird tagging. Nature 376:649.

Miller, A.H., and V.D. Miller. 1968. The behavioral ecology and breeding biology of the Andean sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis. Caldasia 10:83-154.

Mineau, P., and M. Pedrosa. 1986. A portable device for nondestructive determination of avian embryonic viability. J. Field Ornithol. 57:53-56.

Mineau, P., and D.V.C. Weseloh. 1981. Low-disturbance monitoring of herring gull reproductive success in the Great Lakes. Col. Waterbirds 4:138-142.

Mitchell, J.C. 1992. Free ranging domestic cat predation on native vertebrates in rural and urban Virginia. Virginia J. Science 43:197-207.

Morin, P.A., J. Messeir, and D.W. Woodruff. 1994. DNA extraction, amplification, and direct sequencing from hornbill feathers. J. Sci. Thailand 20: 30-41.

Morris, R.C., M.C. Benkel, A. Biernacki, and J.M. Ross. 1981. A new transmitter package assembly for adult herring gulls. J. Field Ornithol. 52:242-244.

Morton, D.B., D. Abbot, R. Barclay, B.S. Close, R. Ewbank, D. Gash, H. Heath, S. Mattic, T. Poole, J. Seamer, J. Southee, A. Thompson, B. Trussell, C. West, and M. Jennings. 1993. Removal of blood from laboratory mammals and birds. Lab. Anim. 27:1-22.

Muir, W.W., III, J.A.E. Hubbell, R.S. Skada and R.M. Bernardski (eds.) 1995. Handbook of veterinary anesthesia. C. V. Mosby, St. Louis.

Murphy, M.E., and J.R. King. 1986. A safe and accurate method for force feeding small granivorous birds. Auk 103:429-431.

Nace, G.W., et al. 1974. Amphibians: guidelines for the breeding, care and management of laboratory animals. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington.

National Institutes of Health. 1985. Guide for grants and contracts, special edition: laboratory animal welfare, plus supplement. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington.

National Research Council. 1965, 1968, 1972, 1978, 1985, 1991. 1996. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. National Institute of Health, Bethesda.

Nesbitt, S.A., B.A. Harris, R.W. Repenning, and C.B. Brownsmith. 1982. Notes on red-cockaded woodpecker study techniques. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 10:160-163.

Nisbet, I.C.T. 1991. Problems with Darvic color-bands on common terns: band losses and foot injuries. N. Amer. Bird Bander 16:61-63.

Nuechterlein, G.L., and D. Buitron. 1997. A minimal disturbance method for extracting blood for DNA analysis from bird embryos. AOU 115 Meeting Abstract 216.

Olsen, G.H., F.J. Dein, G.M. Haramis, and D.G. Jorde. 1992. Implanting radio transmitters in wintering canvasbacks. J. Wildl. Manage. 56:325-328.

Orlans, F.B., R.C. Simmonds, and W.J. Dodds. 1987. Effective animal care and use committees. Lab. Anim. Sci. Special Issue. Published in cooperation with Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, Bethesda, MD.

Otis, D.L., C.E. Knittie, and G.M. Linz. 1986. A method for estimating turnover in spring blackbird roosts. J. Wildl. Manage. 50(4):567-571.

Parker, J.L., and H.R. Adams. 1978. The influence of chemical restraining agents on cardio-vascular function: a review. Lab. Anim. Sci. 28:575.

Parsons, K.C., and J. Burger. 1982. Human disturbance and nestling behavior in black-crowned night herons. Condor 84:184-187.

Paton, P.W., and L. Pank. 1986. A technique to mark incubating birds. J. Field Ornithol. 57:232-233.

Paton, P.W., C.J. Zabel, D.L. Neal, G.N. Steger, N.G. Tilghman, and B.R. Noon. 1991. Effects of radio tags on spotted owls. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:617-622.

Pearce, J.M., R. Fields, and K.T. Scribner. 1997. Nest materials as a source of DNA for avian ecological studies. J. Field Ornithol. 68:471-481.

Pearson, D. 1985. United States biologists in foreign countries: the new ugly Americans? Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 66:333-337.

Peck, F.R., and R.C. Simmonds. 1995. Understanding animal research regulations: obligations of wildlife departments and field researchers. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 23:279-282.

Pennycuick, C.J. 1978. Identification using natural markings. In: Animal marking. (B. Stonehouse, ed.). University Park Press, Baltimore. Pp. 147-159.

Pettingill, O.S. 1985. Ornithology, 5th ed. Academic Press, Orlando. Pietz, P.J., D.A. Brandt, G.L. Krapu, and D.A. Buhl. 1995. Modified transmitter attachment for adult ducks. J. Field Ornithol. 66:408-417.

Poole, A. 1981. The effects of human disturbance on osprey reproductive success. Col. Waterbirds 4:20-27.

Prys-Jones, R.P., L. Schifferly, and D.W. MacDonald. 1974. The use of an emetic in obtaining food samples from passerines. Ibis 116:90-94.

Quay, W.B. 1984. Cloacal lavage of sperm: a technique for evaluation of reproductive activity. N. Am. Bird Bander 9:2-7.

Quay, W.B. 1986a. Cloacal protuberance and cloacal sperm in passerine birds: comparative study of quantitative relations. Condor 88:160-168. Quay, W.B. 1986b. Timing and location of spring sperm release in northern thrushes. Wilson Bull. 98:526-534.

Quay, W.B. 1988. Marking of insemination encounters with cloacal microspheres. N. Am. Bird Bander 13:36-40.

Quay, W.B. 1989. Insemination of Tennessee warblers during spring migration. Condor 91:660-670.

Quinn, T.W., F. Cooke, and B.N. White. 1990. Molecular sexing of geese using a cloned z chromosome sequence with homology to the W chromosome. Auk 107:199-202.

Ramakka, J.M. 1972. Effects of radio-tagging on breeding behavior of male woodcock. J. Wildl.Manage. 36:1309-1312.

Rappole, J.H., and A.R. Tipton. 1991. New harness design for attachment of radio transmitters to small passerines. J. Field Ornithol. 62:335-337.

Raveling, D.G. 1970. Survival of Canada geese unaffected by withdrawing blood samples. J. Wildl. Manage. 34:941-943.

Raveling, D.G. 1976. Do neckbands contribute to starvation of lesser snow geese? J. Wildl. Manage. 40:571-572.

Remsen, J.V., Jr. 1991. Por que collectar especimenes de aves, con recommendaciones para la otorgacion de permisos de colecta. Ecol. de Bolivia 18:52-68.

Redig, P.T., J.E. Cooper, J.D. Reinpie and D.B. Hunter (eds). 1993. Raptor biomedicine. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Reed, J.M., and L.W. Oring. 1993. Banding is infrequently associated with foot loss in spotted sandpipers. J. Field Ornithol. 64:145-148.

Remsen, J.V., Jr. 1995. The importance of continued collecting of bird specimens to ornithology and bird conservation. Bird Conserv. Intern'l. 5:145-180.

Reyer, H.-U. 1984. Investment and relatedness: a cost/benefit analysis of breeding and helping in the pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis). Anim. Behav. 32:1163-1178.

Risser, A.C., Jr. 1971. A technique for performing laparotomy on small birds. Condor 73:376-379.

Ritchie, B.W., G.J. Harrison, and L.R. Harrison (eds.). 1994. Avian medicine: principles and application. Wingers Publication, Inc., Lakeworth, FL. pp 1066-1095.

Robert, H.C., and C.J. Ralph. 1975. Effects of human disturbance on the breeding success of gulls. Condor 77:495-499.

Robb, J.R. 1997. Physioecology of staging American black ducks and mallards in autumn. Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio State Univ., 267 Pp.

Rodway, M.S., W.A. Montevecchi, and J.W. Chardine. 1996. Effects of investigator disturbance breeding success of Atlantic puffins Fratercula arctica. Biol. Conserv. 76:311-319.

Rosenberg, K.V., and D.A. Wiedenfeld. 1993. Directory of neotropical ornithology. 2nd ed. American Ornithologists' Union.

Ryan, P.G., and S. Jackson. 1986. Stomach pumping: is killing seabirds necessary? Auk 103:427- 428.

Safina, C., and J. Burger. 1983. Effects of human disturbance on reproductive success in the black skimmer. Condor 85:164-171.

Salzert, W., and D. Schelshorn. 1979. Maintaining and breeding avocets at the Rheine Zoo. Internat. Zoo Yearbook 19:143-145.

Samour, J.H. (ed.). 1999. Avian Medicine. London, Harcourt-Brace.

Samour, J.H., D.M. Jones, J.A. Knight, and J.C. Howlett. 1984. Comparative studies of the use of some injectable anesthetic agents in birds. Vet. Rec. 115:6-11.

Schreiber, E.A. 1994. El Niño-southern oscillation effects on provisioning and growth in red-tailed tropicbirds. Colonial Waterbirds 17:105119.

Schreiber, E.A. 1996. Experimental manipulation of feeding in red-tailed tropicbird chicks. Colonial Waterbirds 19: 45-55.

Schemnitz, S.D. (ed.). 1980. Wildlife management techniques manual. The Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C.

Seutin, G., B.N. White, and P. Boag. 1991. Preservation of avian blood and tissue samples for DNA analysis. Can. J. Zool. 69:82-90.

Sherwood, G.A. 1966. Flexible plastic collars compared to nasal discs for marking geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 30:853-855.

Shugart, S.W., M.A. Fitch, and V.M. Shugart. 1981. Minimizing investigator disturbance in observational studies of colonial birds: access to blinds through tunnels. Wilson Bull. 93:565-569.

Sinn, L. C. 1994. Anesthesiology. In: Avian medicine: principles and application. (Ritchie, B. W., G. J. Harrison and L. R. Harrison, eds). Wingers Publication, Inc., Lakeworth, FL

Skagen, S.K.., T.R. Stanley, and M.B.Dillon. 1999. Do mammalian predators follow human scent trails in the shortgrass prairie? Wilson Bull. 111(3):415-420.

Smith, A.C. and M.M. Swindle (eds.). 1994. Research animal anesthesia, analgesia and surgery.

Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, Greenbelt, MD.

Smith, B.P. 1990. Large animal internal medicine. C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis.

Sorenson, M.D. 1989. Effects of neck collar radios on female redheads. J. Field Ornithol. 60:523-528.

Southern, W.E. 1971. Evaluation of a plastic wing-marker for gull studies. Bird-Banding 42:88-91.

Stangel, P.W. 1986. Lack of effects from sampling blood from small birds. Condor 88:244-245.

Steiner, C.V., Jr., and R.B. Davis. 1981. Selected topics in cage bird medicine. Iowa State University Press, Ames.

Steketee, A.K. and W.L. Robinson. 1995. Use of fluorescent powder for tracking American woodcock broods. Auk 112:1043-1045.

Stiehl, R.B. 1983. A new attachment method for patagial tags. J. Field Ornithol. 54:326-328.

Stonehouse, B. (ed.) 1978. Animal marking. University Park Press, Baltimore.

Sugden, L.G., and H.J. Poston. 1968. A nasal marker for ducks. J. Wildl. Manage. 32:984-986.

Sweeney, T.M., J.D. Fraser, and J.S. Coleman. 1985. Further evaluation of marking methods for black and turkey vultures. J. Field Ornithol. 56:251-257.

Taber, R.D., and I.McT. Cowan. 1969. Capturing and marking wild animals. In: Wildlife management techniques, 3rd ed. (R.H. Giles, ed.). The Wildlife Society, Washington. Pp. 277-317.

Thomas, R.A. 1977. Selected bibliography of certain vertebrate techniques. USDI/BLM Tech. Note 306:1-88.

Tiersch, T.R., R.L. Mumme, R.W. Chandler, and D. Nakamura. 1991. The use of flow cytometry for rapid identification of sex in birds. Auk 108:206-208.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1976. North American bird banding manual. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, MD.

Valverde, A.V. Honeyman, and D.H. Dyson. 1990. Determination of sedative dose and influence of midazolam on cardiopulmonary function in Canada geese. A. J. Vet. Res. 51: 1071-1074.

Vuillaume, A. 1983. A new technique for taking blood samples from ducks and geese. Avian Pathol. 12:389-391.

Wallach, J.D., and W.J. Boever. 1983. Diseases of exotic animals: medical and surgical management. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Wanless, S. 1992. Effects of tail-mounted devices on the attendance behavior of kittiwakes during chick rearing. J. Field Ornithol. 63:169-176.

Ward, D., and P. Flint. 1995. Effects of harness-attached transmitters of premigration-reproduction of brant. J. Wildl. Manage. 59:39-46.

Warnock, N., and S. Warnock. 1993. Attachment of radio-transmitters to sandpipers: review and methods. Wader Study Group Bull. 70:28-30.

Watt, D.J. 1982. Do birds use color bands in recognition of individuals? J. Field Ornithol. 53:177-179.

Westmoreland, D., and L.B. Best. 1985. The effect of disturbance on mourning dove nesting success. Auk 102:774-780.

Westneat, D.F. 1986. The effects of muscle biopsy on survival and condition in white-throated sparrows. Wilson Bull. 98:280-285.

Westneat, D.F., R.B. Payne, and S.M. Doehlert. 1986. Effects of muscle biopsy on survival and breeding success in indigo buntings. Condor 88:220-227.

Wheeler, W.E. 1991. Suture and glue attachment of radio transmitters on ducks. J. Field Ornithol. 62:271-278.

Willis, E.O. 1973. Survival rates for visited and unvisited nests of bicolored antbirds. Auk 90:263-267.

Willsteed, P.M., and P.M. Fetterolf. 1986. A new technique for individually marking gull chicks. J. Field Ornithol. 57:310-313.

Wilson, R.P. 1984. An improved stomach pump for penguins and other seabirds. J. Field Ornithol. 55:109-112.

Wingfield, J.C. 1984. Androgens and mating systems: testosterone induced polygyny in normally monogamous birds. Auk 101:665-671.

Wingfield, J.C. 1994. Modulation of the adrenocortical response to stress in birds. In: Perspective in comparative endocrinology (K.G. Davey, R.E/Peter and S.S. Tobe, eds.). National Research Council Canada, Ottawa. Pp. 520-528.

Wingfield, J.C., and D.S. Farner. 1976. Avian endocrinology--field investigations and methods. Condor 78:570-573.

Wingfield, J.C., J.P. Smith, and D.S. Farner. 1982. Endocrine responses of white-crowned sparrows to environmental stress. Condor 84:399-409.

Young, E. (ed.). 1975. The capture and care of wild animals. Ralph Curtis Books, Sanibel, FL.

Young, L.S. and M.N. Kochert. 1987. Marking techniques. In: Raptor management techniques manual. (B. A. Giron Pendleton, B. A. Millsap, K.W. Cline, and D.M. Bird, eds.) National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C. Pp. 125-156.